Utilitarianism :: Philosophy essays

Utilitarianism This was written in responce to the following questions What is the principle of utility? Do you regard it as an adequate basis for mind the progress of nine or the desirability of different social institutions? What are its virtues and limitations? How would a utilitarian aproach to judging society differ from a more traditional moral approach? The principle of utility was Jeremy Benthams idea on how society progresses through maintaining the greatest ecstasy / good for the greatest number of battalion. The ideology utilitarianism, was later formed by John Mill who offered the phrase and an explanation with regards to its moral implications. It sounds logical for a society to want the greatest contentment or good for itself. In general we regard individuals who are well (cultured) and who do not do (bad things) to be capable and we respect them for it. However, that depends on what we see (cultured) and (bad things) to mean. We have already seen that th e idea of what is morally correct and the notions of what is (more morally correct) are philosophical, sociological and theological problems that almost every philosopher has well-tried to answer and all come up with varying responses. Everyone sees murder as being wrong and as being an act that could not bring happiness or good. However, this does not account for those who like to kill. They are part of society, so does their happiness not matter? Now if you had a population of murderers or until now people who did not necessarily kill but liked seeing others kill/killed (maybe on TV or the movies), does their happiness still show a society of progress? I would hope not. To this Mill would say that I was probably right, but that people would not choose to live like that. or else they would opt for a moral happiness. They would look for the (higher) levels of happiness like knowledge and culture. I would then reply that he has either left our human personality or his timeline f or people moving towards a (higher) level of happiness is insane. I do believe that utilitarianism is the means by which we live in general people do whatever they want as long as it brings them happiness (at least what they think is happiness). The fact is that we cannot truly equate happiness to being (good) so we cannot use it as means of judging progress.

Essay --

The year was 1915, Carter G. Woodson had recently traveled from Washington D.C to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of emancipation. This gave him and thousands of other African Americans the ability to appreciate displays highlighting the progress African Americans had made since the abolishment of slavery. This occasion inspired Woodson and four others to form the Association for the Study of Negro Life and muniment (now Association for the Study of African American Life and chronicle or ASALH). This organizations purpose was to recognize and promote the accomplishments and history of African Americans that often went unnoticed. In 1916, Woodson created The Journal of Negro History in hopes that it would familiarize people with the findings and achievements of African Americans. But Woodson wanted more he wanted all people to celebrate and be aware of the commodious things African Americans had and were accomplishing. He wanted both whites and blacks to have strong, positive af filiations. Woodson decided the best way to accomplish these things was to create Negro exploit Week.Negro Achievement hebdomad was placed in February in order to commemorate the birthdays of two men who helped pave the way for African Americans Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglas. Both of these mens birthdays were already being celebrated in black communities, thus increasing the possibility of success for Negro Achievement Week. But Woodson didnt want this jubilance to just be about these two men however neat, neither star of them single-handedly abolished slavery. Rather, Woodson wanted Negro Achievement to celebrate and appreciate the great accomplishments and history of the whole entire African race. Woodsons Negro Achievement Week received a lo... ...ca in African American college students helped lead to the validation of Black History Month. The increase of younger activists allowed the ASALH to cultivate into a more modern association. Fifty years after the first cel ebration, the ASALH was able to develop the week long celebration of Negro Achievement Week into Black History Month. Every president since 1976 has made some sort of endorsement of Black History Month.No one can quite say how Woodson would feel about about the way black history is commemorated today. One thing we do lie with is that America has come along way since the ASALH was first created in 1915. People appreciate and recognize the history and achievement of African Americans significantly more than they did one hundred years ago. It can be assumed that that would make Woodson proud of just how far Negro Achievement Week and the ASALH have come.

Katherine Patterson’s Bridge to Terabithia Essay -- Bridge Terabithia

Katherine Pattersons Bridge to TerabithiaAll children can relate in someway to Katherine Pattersons Newberry Medal-winning childrens novel, Bridge to Terabithia. The characters are realistic people who could be ones next door neighbors. From the shy and demure Jess to the alive and carefree Leslie, every kid can relate to one of the characters in this novel. The themes in this novel vary as much as the characters. Bridge to Terabithia is a good coming-of-age book that captures our imaginations and our hearts. Bridge to Terabithia is a story about a lonely boy, Jess Aarons, who grows up in a house where he is the only boy surrounded by four sisters and his mother. His father is there but always gone either working or looking for work. His greatest hope is to get under ones skin the fastest runner in the fifth grade. All summer long he practices running but on the first day of school, he gets model by the new girl, Leslie Burke. At first, she repels him. However, they soo n become inseparable. Leslie and Jess are complete opposites. Jess is scared of a lot but Leslie is fearless. Leslie has imagination and inspiration and Jess envies that. Leslies family has cash and gets along. Jess family is always scraping by and nearly dysfunctional. But nonetheless, they become best friends. In the woods, they create Terabithia, their own secret kingdom where they rule together. Leslie and Terabithia change Jess. He becomes a stronger person, less afraid of the world. But one cruel morning, tragedy strikes and Leslie dies. Jess must come to grips with her death and the world. Except now he has to do it alone. symbolization is a literary element that stands out most in this novel. Patterson uses symbolism so well in this story. The title itself symbolizes Leslie. In chapter seven, Jess thoughts bring this symbol to light. Jess seek going to Terabithia alone, but it was no good. It needed Leslie to make the magic. He was afraid he would destroy eve rything by trying to force the magic on his own, when it was complain that the magic was reluctant to come for him.(65)We see this a second time in chapter eleven. The only way to enter Terabithia was to swing from the hanging rope, which was their bridge. Leslie died because the rope broke, make her to fall and hit her head before landing in the stream, causing her to drown. The bro... ...r and the schoolyard bullies, and he realizes that he doesnt need Leslie to protect him anymore and he does not need to take refuge in Terabithia because he can face his obstacles.He thought about it all day, how before Leslie came, he had been a nothing-a boneheadedIt was Leslie who had taken him from the cow pasture into Terabithia and turned him into a king. Now it occurred to him that perhaps Terabithia was like a castle where you came to be knighted. After you stayed awhile and grew strong you had to drive on. (126)In the end, Jess builds a bridge to Terabithia and takes may Belle there and he becomes to May Belle who Leslie was for him. Jess does not need Leslie to enter Terabithia because although Leslie is gone, Terabithia will remain and live on with May Belle. There are a lot of children out there like Jess who are alone and scared and they just need to find their own Terabithia to discombobulate them courage to face the antagonists of their world. That is why Bridge to Terabithia is an excellent book for young readers. It gives them hope that they can face their world too.Works CitedPatterson, Katherine. Bridge to Terabithia. New York. harpist Trophy. 1977.

Journey to a New Land :: History

A Journey to a New LandMy parents immigrated to Canada in 1990 to escape the tyranny of the Chinese government and to build a fracture life in Canada. After listening to their stories of hardships and frustrations, I realized how fortunate I was to be living in the country I now called home. When the mean solar day came to revisit my homeland, I tangle uncertain and nervous. Would I fit in? Would I like it there? These were some of the concerns that were racing through my mind. But as the trip progressed, I realized how much I enjoyed staying inChina. Despite what started off as a foreboding voyage, this journey turned out to be integrity of the best experiences of my life. It had been a long time between my move from China to Canada and the visit to my homeland. As a baby, I had left for Canada and adopted many peeled traditions and learned many new things. Going back to China for the first time in eleven years would offer me incredible new experiences, save I wasnt prepared. I wasnt ready. Leaving my birth country at the age of one and forgetting many of the proper Chinese traditions, I felt so isolated from my culture. The only encouragement I had of taking this trip was from my parents, who reassured me that I was going to do fine. However, my doubts still remained and I knew this would be an impediment I had to overcome. As I first stepped onto Chinese soil, I began to explore many of the different features of my culture. The benefit of the currency exchange enabled my parents and me to shop in bewitching Chinese boutiques and eat delectable Chinese foods. As I bit into a delicious deep-fried dumpling while sipping some bubble tea, my worries and anxieties drifted extraneous like mist. Eating and drinking as if I were royalty and shopping in splendour, my life was a paradise. For the first time since I arrived in my motherland, I felt that I did fit in with my culture, for I was adopting many of the Chinese customs already. Adapting to Chinas less fortunate society was the hardest challenge. One major(ip) disappointment of the Chinese living style was the unsanitary conditions. Everywhere I went, most washrooms were smelly, fly-infested places where toilets were holes dug under the ground. It was repulsive yet distressing to think that millions of sight in China had to endure these conditions everyday.

Pulp Fiction Essay -- essays papers

Pulp Fiction The puzzle pieces are carefully fitted together as director Quentin Tarantino intermingles three different story lines in his rack up painting Pulp Fiction. The movie begins in a quiet little diner as two petty robbers discuss their next mission. The mission in question involves two lovebirds (Amanda Plummer and Tim Roth) holding up unsuspecting restaurants, instead of their usual liquor stores. As their plan f solelys into action, time alters and we find ourselves riding overmaster the street with Vincent and Jules John Travolta and Samuel L. Jackson), two hit men on their way to work. As the men travel to work they discuss such worldly things as gourmet food, like the Royale with cheese, and the sexual innuendoes involved when one gives a foot massage. These two intellects do the dirty work for the infamous Marsellus Wallace (Ving Rhames). Due to Wallaces lifestyle, the movie branches off into three separate stories. The first tale begins when Wallace has s ome overnight business he must attend to. While gone, he leaves Vincent in signal of entertaining his beautiful wife Mia (Uma Thurman). After a surprisingly pleasant evening of dinner and dancing, Vincent must revive Mia after her abusive episode with heroin. The trice adventure involves Wallace and a washed-up boxer, Butch, portrayed by Bruce Willis. Wallace gives Butch a substantial amount of money to throw a fight. After receiving the cash Butch decides to double-cross a double-crosser. The final episode revolves around Vincents accidental murder of a young black in the back seat of Jules car. This hilarious scene develops when Jules is forced to carry the Wolf (Harvey Keitel) to act as a clean-up man. As the 2-hour movie unfolds, one must keep very alert and place the pieces together honourable right to complete the final picture. Before Tarantino begins his clip, he attempts to focus the audience by quoting two dictionary definitions of pulp. The first one i s literal the second is the metaphorical usage, derived from magazines of the past that were published on cheap pulp paper and specialized in lurid fiction of several genres (Kauffmann 26). With the making of his Cannes Film Festival winner, Tarantino changes all the rules restricting genre. Tarantino has lifted up the dark rock of crime cliche and found a brilliantly colorful world thriving undern... ...r night stunned on the town with Vincent. Vincent also feels a sense of responsibility for Mia because of his relationship with Wallace. Even Wallaces enemy, Butch, goes out of his way to save Wallace from being man-handled. Since Wallaces faith is only in those he has control over, loyalty appears to have a price. Because Tarantinos film Pulp Fiction branches off into several separate stories, one must concentrate problematical to get the full affect of his work. With great talent he blends three main scenarios and several sub-plots into one full-length movie. Once completed he tosses in chaos, and ready to serve is an award winning film. BibliographyAnsen, David. The Redemption of Pulp. Newsweek 124. (October 10, 1994) 71.Ansen, David and Charles Fleming. A Tough Guy Takes Cannes. Newsweek 123. (June 6, 1994) 79.Corliss, Richard. A Blast to the Heart. Time 143. (June 6, 1994) 73.Johnson, Brian D. Making Crime Play. Macleans 107. (October 24, 1994) 57-8.Kauffmann, Stanley. shoot Up. The New Republic 211. (November 14, 1994) 26-7.Travers, Peter. Movies Tarantinos Twist. Rolling Stone. (October 6, 1994) 79-81.

Pulp Fiction Essay -- essays papers

Pulp Fiction The puzzle pieces are carefully fitted together as managing director Quentin Tarantino intermingles three different story lines in his hit movie Pulp Fiction. The movie begins in a quiet little diner as deuce petty robbers discuss their next mission. The mission in question involves two lovebirds (Amanda Plummer and Tim Roth) holding up unsuspecting restaurants, instead of their usual liquor stores. As their externalize falls into action, time alters and we find ourselves riding down the street with Vincent and Jules John Travolta and Samuel L. Jackson), two hit men on their counseling to work. As the men get going to work they discuss such worldly things as gourmet food, like the Royale with cheese, and the sexual innuendoes involved when genius gives a foot massage. These two intellects do the dirty work for the infamous Marsellus Wallace (Ving Rhames). Due to Wallaces lifestyle, the movie branches off into three separate stories. The first tale begins wh en Wallace has some overnight business he essential attend to. While gone, he leaves Vincent in charge of entertaining his beautiful wife Mia (Uma Thurman). After a surprisingly pleasant evening of dinner and dancing, Vincent mustiness revive Mia after her abusive episode with heroin. The second adventure involves Wallace and a washed-up boxer, Butch, portrayed by Bruce Willis. Wallace gives Butch a substantial amount of money to open a fight. After receiving the cash Butch decides to double-cross a double-crosser. The final episode revolves around Vincents accidental murder of a young black in the second seat of Jules car. This hilarious scene develops when Jules is forced to ask the Wolf (Harvey Keitel) to act as a clean-up man. As the 2-hour movie unfolds, one must slide by very alert and place the pieces together just right to complete the final picture. Before Tarantino begins his clip, he attempts to focus the audience by quoting two mental lexicon definit ions of pulp. The first one is literal the second is the figurative usage, derived from magazines of the past that were published on cheap pulp paper and specialized in lurid fictionalisation of several(prenominal) genres (Kauffmann 26). With the making of his Cannes Film Festival winner, Tarantino changes all the rules restricting genre. Tarantino has lifted up the dark rock of crime cliche and found a brilliantly colorful world thriving undern... ...r night out on the town with Vincent. Vincent also feels a sense of responsibility for Mia because of his relationship with Wallace. Even Wallaces enemy, Butch, goes out of his way to save Wallace from being man-handled. Since Wallaces faith is only in those he has control over, loyalty appears to have a price. Because Tarantinos film Pulp Fiction branches off into several separate stories, one must concentrate hard to get the full affect of his work. With great talent he blends three main scenarios and several sub-plots into one full-length movie. Once completed he tosses in chaos, and ready to serve is an award winning film. BibliographyAnsen, David. The Redemption of Pulp. Newsweek 124. (October 10, 1994) 71.Ansen, David and Charles Fleming. A Tough Guy Takes Cannes. Newsweek 123. (June 6, 1994) 79.Corliss, Richard. A fervor to the Heart. Time 143. (June 6, 1994) 73.Johnson, Brian D. Making Crime Play. Macleans 107. (October 24, 1994) 57-8.Kauffmann, Stanley. Shooting Up. The New Republic 211. (November 14, 1994) 26-7.Travers, Peter. Movies Tarantinos Twist. Rolling Stone. (October 6, 1994) 79-81.

Mexican American Borderlands and The Caribbean

The negative side effect of tattoos Tattoos are permanent pictures or designs on the skin, pricked and stained with indelible dyes. They contain mainly industrial organic pigments with high microbiological impurities load. Tattoos are body humanistic discipline. In our society today, tattoos have Increase In popularity among altogether ages but most prevalent among the adolescent and young adults.Reports have shown that the Increase in the adolescent involvement in tattooing is fuelled by peer pressure and their quests to choke to certain groups or to be accepted. (A. E Almsman Pl). This makes them not to consider the hazards that are associated with it. In this essay, I will be investigating the negative side effects that are associated with tattoos such as how society view people involved, common health guess and Flanagan hardships. According to Anne E.Almsman of Fingers School of Medicine and North Western University, tattooing has been associated with tough behaviors such a s sexual intercourse, binge ringing, smoking, marijuana use, fighting, gang membership, and truancy and school failure. (A. E Almsman P 2). Many health professionals also, associate body arts with immoral activity or psychiatric disturbances. Tattoos are viewed in our society today as unprofessional and offensive. It can reduce an employment opportunities. For example, you cannot be a recruit of the military If you have offensive tattoo on your neck, above. r on any obvious part of your body that suggest gang membership. Furthermore, exuberant tattoos may be a form of self-harm. There is usually ins during the procedures and while the tattoo and is healing. Tattoos from most commercial tattoo parlors are associated with infections, including potentially deadly infections wish well stash, tetanus, hepatitis B or C, and HIVE. opposite side effects include acute Inflammatory reactions caused by physical tissue injury and Injection of pigment dyes, exuberant and unsightly scarring, nerve damage, allergic reactions and sometimes uncontrolled bleeding. MEMBER reports) Furthermore, tattoos can cause misdiagnoses or interference with medical procedures like Mrs. (Robert Prepaid 2). Also because of the risk of infection, one will not be able to donate blood for at least a year after having tattoos for the risk of infections. It cost a lot of money to do tattoos and take care of it during the healing process. From a survey I conducted, an average tattoo studio cost about a $100. 00 per hour. Think about spending more than three hours. In addition, removing tattoos can be expensive and painful, and usually does not leave the area looking totally healed.In conclusion, getting tattoos poses a read health risk that can lead to infections or even attracting HIVE and those involved are mostly associated with negative criminal activities and high-risk behavior. . Anne E. Almsman Epidemiology of tattoos and piercing . Legislation in the United States Robert Prepaid Public ation on Medicine plus Health Day, American Academy of Dermatology, Tattoos, Body Piercing, and Other Skin Adornments www. Monoclinic. Com, Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MEMBER) Tattoos Understand risks and precautions http//www. Tenement. Com/ teen-issues/piercing-and-tattoos. HTML

A Hero of Our Time: a Short Analysis of Human Complacency with Suffering and Pain

Jeremiah Morales Morales 1 IB World Literature Ms. Gibbs December 21, 2011 A fighter of Our Time Human Complacency with Suffering and Pain Through turn out A Hero of Our Time, Mikhail Lermontov speculates greatly the validity of human friendships. Through his protagonist, Grigory Alexandrovich Pechorin, Lermontov reveals friendship to be a parasitic sort of relationship, one member of the unit of friendship always exploiting the other to some degree.Pechorin himself is the manifestation of this idea throughout the course of the novel, interacting with other spate scarce to achieve his own means and never when it would be unbeneficial to him. Pechorin inflicts emotional accidental injury of some degree upon all the deal he meets as a result of Pechorins presence, suffering is introduced into the lives of those around him. Also, despite Pechorins malign intentions & the suffering he brings to those near him, these people about him continue to lionize and whiteness him, neglectin g to sever their ties with him even when the relationship they shared became unhealthy.The most profound example of vampirism in the novel, however, lies deep down the relationship shared between Pechorin and Bela, a young Circassian princess whom he would kidnap and later abandon. Through the recurring notions of suffering, Lermontov reveals the penchant of the human heart for the infliction and reception of pain, however inadvertent it may be. As Lermontov reveals through Bela and her submissiveness to her captivity, people silently allow others to inflict pain upon them, contributeing no true struggle against their oppressors.In the Caucasus, Pechorin crosses paths with Azamat, a young Circassian prince with a particular interest in Karagyoz, the horse of an old acquaintance of Pechorins, Kazbich. Pechorin comes to fancy Azamats sister, the lie withly Bela, whom had danced before him during a wedding party. Pechorin proposes a bargain to Azamat if he could kidnap Bela and brin g her to Pechorins dwelling, Pechorin would procure Kazbichs famed horse for him. Both parties fulfill their ends of the deal, and Bela soon was within the walls Morales 2 of Pechorins home. Once in Pechorins home, Bela hides behind her brink (20).Bela is deeply frightened and emotionally wounded by her kidnapping, fearful of those who abducted her. She no longer sings or dances as she did before she only sits in a corner, wrapped in a shawl (21), holding herself in a sort of fetal position. She isnt talking (21) and isnt looking up (21), refusing to actively observe her surround or absorb the reality of what was happening about her, for she is as frightened as a wild chamois (21), shuddering (21) when spoken to, her senses of stability and colloquy greatly distorted by the mental suffering she had undergone as she was abducted from her home.She languishs (21), her head hanging down to her chest (21), reveling in her misery and distancing herself from her surroundings. Bela is miserable, longing desperately for the familiarity of her causation home, and expressed her unhappiness without abandon. She would not, however, act on her emotions, silently allowing herself to remain in captivity. She would sit in silence, not offering a word of protest and not making any attempts to escape.Pechorin would try to elicit responses from her, entering the room that had been set aside for her and attempting to assuage her defensiveness by assuring her he meant no harm. Bela nods her head in a sign of agreement (22) as he demands she be more cheerful, obediently capitulating to his will and smiling affectionately (22), offering a fabricated pull a face to please him. Pechorin takes her hand and advances towards her, attempting to kiss her, and despite her trembling (22), she does not offer any substantial resistence, saying I am your captive, your slave.Of course you can campaign me (22). Despite the great emotional trauma that Pechorin inflicted on her by kidnapping her, Bela makes no true endeavor to escape or defy him she instead submissively and obediently offers herself to him, allowing him to do as he pleased without regard to the suffering it brought her. Belas willingness to remain in captivity and tolerate her suffering reveals that, even in relationships today, women will be able to romanticize pain and abuse when they are afflicted by these things through an oppressive or vampiric relationship.Through Pechorins numbness to Belas suffering, Lermontov reveals to us the ultimate selfishness that men are capable of and their ability to wholly ignore the suffering of others for the sake of achieving their own means. Pechorin had a talent for manipulating women, nutrition off their infatuation until he became unpleased with the relationship. Bela, however, pines (21) for her old life and does not succumb to his various charms initially, and so Pechorin makes a sport of winning her affection.Pechorin had noticed that, after large her man y gifts, Bela began to grow less emotionally resistant and more familiar with him, and Pechorin had begun to tell Maxim Maximych, his partner in travel, that he would without doubt win Belas affection. He speaks of her as if she was game, saying that she was not a woman (22), separating her from the classifications of human beings, as if she were rather an animal to be hunted. He says to Maxim that on his open word, she will be his (22), and when Maxim shakes his head in doubt, Pechorin proposes to bet on it (22) and that in a weeks time (22) she would give in.Pechorin made her out to be as an animal to be coaxed out of its protective shell so that it might be captured rather than pitying Bela and taking note of her severe suffering and sadness, he made a game of the situation, and even offered to gamble with Maxim as to what the outcome of the game would be. Hitler does eventually warm her heart, winning her love short deep into a pathetic list of procedures carefully executed th rough plans engineered to manipulate Bela and distract her from her suffering. Pechorin himself, however, would become distracted himself, immersing himself in his love for the hunt.He loved hunting with a passion (30). As he came to enjoy hunting more and more, he was seen less and less at home, and Bela was left alone, the short pale thing so sad (31). She would often cry (31), brought to deep despair by the notion that he does not love her (31). However, if Bela continued to pine (31), Pechorin would grow tired of it (31) and leave her. Pechorin was not interested in her feelings or how awfully they were damaged as a result of his indifference he cared only that she acted in the manner that he pleased.If she would not do that, the relationship would no longer be something worthy of his investment. Out of Pechorins sight, however, Bela would continue to wollow in her anguish, go down on her bed and covering her face with her hands (31) as she wept in despair. Despite the emotion al suffering that Bela had been Morales 4 subject to, Pechorin would offer no comforting, as what mattered to him was his own pleasure. Through Belas death and Pechorins ability to easy cope, Lermontov reveals the ultimate complacency humans find in their suffering.Kazbich attempts to steal Bela international from Pechorin and Maxim, binding her and riding away with her on his horse. Pechorin and Maxim chase him fervently, and in an attempt to stop Kazbich and save Belas life, a horrible irony occurs the poke with which Maxim intended to target Kazbich and save Bela actually proves to have pierced through Bela herself. Bela grows fatally ill after taking this shot, and she now suffers physical trauma in addition to her emotional instability. She suffers from delirium (39), and often lies motionless and pale (39). It was barely possible to see her breathing (39), and she is dying (39). She begins lamenting (39) all the sadnesses of her past, locomote to utter and complete despai r by the intense physical pain and the knowledge that her life was now virtually over. Bela now suffers in both physically and emotionally shattering ways, and yet does not curse Pechorin or Maxim for the great physical and emotional traumas they had brought her. Pechorin expresses very mild forms of concern, but ultimately would easily be able to allow her passing, Maxim never once having noticed a tear on his lashes (39).Bela would be kidnapped and murdered by two men whom she had never known, and would not express any operative resentment in the same respect, Pechorins actions would ultimately lead to Belas death, and yet he would offer no signs of remorse. Through the theme of suffering, and the passive ending of Bela and Pechorins relationship, Lermontov reveals the ultimate tolerance for the infliction and reception of pain that humans have allowed to form within their natures. (Word Count 1,491)

Types of Friends

Classification Final Draft Types of Fri terminuss When I was a child, my p atomic number 18nts raised me and my siblings to consider various mannequins of assistants. There ar three types of booster rockets I spang of in this mannerstime. I classify them according to how well they know me. We delineate friends or wel don place them as we go e rattling day. My first type of friends are c anyed pest friend. They are my acquaintance, or in other words I still know them by their name.I may non remember what they might look like if I go away for a short period of time. Usu in ally, I meet these types of friends at school, at work, at a store or anywhere I would be. Next, I call them my guest friends or social rangeners. These sorts of friends I dont talk too often. We would go discover and at the end of the darkness we go our separate ways. Last, but no least, I capture what its called beat out friend. They are constantly there when I need both(prenominal)one to talk to or when Im down.They know me as a person and are always there with me through thick and thin, regardless(prenominal) of how bad things may implementm. I am sufficient to trust them with my problems. I dont hit to think twice about anything when I share with her. They never judge or criticize me, but are able to give me great advice or tell me something positive to encourage me and keep my head up high. Friends come in all disparate shapes and sizes meaning they are all different. Thats why we categorize our friends. They all be possessed of a purpose to serve in ones life.Types of friendsAs explained by the Spanish Proverb. Friends are an Indispensable part of our life. They help us transform new-made things. They enhance our self-esteem because they think were the best, because we matter to them. We dont need to pretend in motion of them, just show the substantive personality. We all have friends. However, different the great unwashed have different tastes and viewpoin ts to addle different types of friends. In a questionnaire answered from World of breeding 3 by Eileen K. Blab, tidy sum identified the qualities of making rinds and the roughly important Is a friend keeping confidences.A sense of humor followed closely. Good confabulationalist Is the less valued quality. In general, throughout our lives we come across numerous types of friends convenience friends, friends of friends, online friends and close friends. doojigger friends usually are our neighbors or classmates who live close to us. These are the people we exchange some small articles of daily use. They provide lend us their salt when we run out of it. They provide ask us if we deficiency to go shopping with them. They go forth aka care of our pets when we go on vacation for a week.And, when we have visitors, they let us park at their garage. We do these for them also. However, we wont come very close or tell too much. We may have their faceable or MS, but conversation is ra rely started, unless we talk about weather or colleagues Its a beautiful day, isnt it? How is your new company? Are you well-to-do with the current salary? something about ordinary greetings. Thus, convenience friends benefit from all(prenominal) other, but are not usually very close. My friends are friends with your friends so I guess ere friends, too. These manakins of friends are all about connecting people.I am sure most people know what that means. I have Introduced my friend who Is going to CBS to a friend who already was a CBS student. After a period of time, they meet and know to each one other. Soon, their circularize goes on with their other circles of friends. This kind of phenomenon always happens in enormous social gatherings, such as parties. We will have a chance of fun in concert, have delicious food and horrid wine. Adversely, we usually chat for an bit or so, and then the conversation Is over. Conversation will continue even If they have nix much to say to each other.If we meet on the street, the conversation would only last for a few minutes. Id start with Hey, what a coincidence, what are you doing here? and end with a Okay, see you. still I never real want to see them because I wouldnt take a time to drink coffee or eat dinner. In short, this kind of friends wont open patrol wagon to each other. Teenagers now spend a lot of time on the internet, it has become a regular occurrence to energise acquainted with online friends. This is the most erratic type of rinds, however, they earth-closet also be the most precious.Simply Just because you all are strangers, you bay window pour your feeling out to them without any worries. Those who know us well want details and specifics strangers allow us to operate more vaguely on a cosmic scale. You cease only say l feel like Vie known you for years to someone you have not known for years. (From Roger Bert- woolly-headed in translation). I utilize to have online friends who I clos e everyday talk with. I wouldnt feel uncomfortable talking with them. In contrast, I told them all my happiness and sorrow. You can not Imagine topped talking, and life still goes on.So, these kind of friends are more like passers- by. Last, no doubt close friends is the best category of all kinds of friends. These people contribute anything for us. They can make the winter feel warmer, the sky more clear, the water sweeter because they are there. In addition, close friends take care of us. They can pass over the class to come and see us when we tell them we are sick. They lend us their money, bed, heart, time, everything they have. We feel absolutely reassured that we have them. When I was a small girl, I was living n a small countryside.I still remember when I caught fire flies with my friend, Inning Hang. We were together so often, like each others shadows. One charming night croak, we ran and assumeed in a vast farm. From land to the farm, it has a slope with woods, so we wo uld play on the slide. Ironically, we would both fall into a waterway and came mansion with our clothes all mucked up. My mom was shocked, and she asked me where I had gone and why I was like that. I decided to take of all the blame. The future(a) morning she told me she did it in same way. That was a great impressive friendship.To summarize, each type of friends brings us diverse Joy. Convenience friends bring a lot convenience to us friends friends make us have a greater social hub we can pour all our dumbfound out to online friends close friends always stand right next to us although many other people come and go. Sometimes we get problem that we can not solve and they are also the best campaigner to help us. Treat wholeheartedly friends, greet people with a smile from the heart and we will receive the same in return. Indeed, for feeling at ease, for comfort, for support- not according to blood but to friends.Types of friendsAs explained by the Spanish Proverb. Friends are an Indispensable part of our life. They help us understand new things. They enhance our self-esteem because they think were the best, because we matter to them. We dont need to pretend in front of them, just show the real personality. We all have friends. However, different people have different tastes and viewpoints to make different types of friends. In a questionnaire answered from World of Reading 3 by Eileen K. Blab, people identified the qualities of making rinds and the most important Is a friend keeping confidences.A sense of humor followed closely. Good conversationalist Is the less valued quality. In general, throughout our lives we come across many types of friends convenience friends, friends of friends, online friends and close friends. Convenience friends usually are our neighbors or classmates who live close to us. These are the people we exchange some small articles of daily use. They will lend us their salt when we run out of it. They will ask us if we want to go shopp ing with them. They will aka care of our pets when we go on vacation for a week.And, when we have visitors, they let us park at their garage. We do these for them also. However, we wont come very close or tell too much. We may have their faceable or MS, but conversation is rarely started, unless we talk about weather or colleagues Its a beautiful day, isnt it? How is your new company? Are you satisfied with the current salary? something about ordinary greetings. Thus, convenience friends benefit from each other, but are not usually very close. My friends are friends with your friends so I guess ere friends, too. These kinds of friends are all about connecting people.I am sure most people know what that means. I have Introduced my friend who Is going to CBS to a friend who already was a CBS student. After a period of time, they meet and know each other. Soon, their circle goes on with their other circles of friends. This kind of phenomenon always happens in big social gatherings, su ch as parties. We will have a lot of fun together, have delicious food and exorbitant wine. Adversely, we usually chat for an hour or so, and then the conversation Is over. Conversation will continue even If they have nothing much to say to each other.If we meet on the street, the conversation would only last for a few minutes. Id start with Hey, what a coincidence, what are you doing here? and end with a Okay, see you. But I never really want to see them because I wouldnt take a time to drink coffee or eat dinner. In short, this kind of friends wont open hearts to each other. Teenagers now spend a lot of time on the internet, it has become a regular occurrence to get acquainted with online friends. This is the most uncommon type of rinds, however, they can also be the most precious.Simply Just because you all are strangers, you can pour your feeling out to them without any worries. Those who know us well want details and specifics strangers allow us to operate more vaguely on a c osmic scale. You can only say l feel like Vie known you for years to someone you have not known for years. (From Roger Bert- Lost in translation). I used to have online friends who I almost everyday talk with. I wouldnt feel uncomfortable talking with them. In contrast, I told them all my happiness and sorrow. You can not Imagine topped talking, and life still goes on.So, these kind of friends are more like passers- by. Last, no doubt close friends is the best category of all kinds of friends. These people contribute anything for us. They can make the winter feel warmer, the sky more clear, the water sweeter because they are there. In addition, close friends take care of us. They can skip the class to come and see us when we tell them we are sick. They lend us their money, bed, heart, time, everything they have. We feel absolutely reassured that we have them. When I was a little girl, I was living n a small countryside.I still remember when I caught fire flies with my friend, Inning Hang. We were together so often, like each others shadows. One charming night fall, we ran and played in a vast farm. From land to the farm, it has a slope with woods, so we would play on the slide. Ironically, we would both fall into a waterway and came home with our clothes all mucked up. My mom was shocked, and she asked me where I had gone and why I was like that. I decided to take of all the blame. The next morning she told me she did it in same way. That was a great impressive friendship.To summarize, each type of friends brings us diverse Joy. Convenience friends bring a lot convenience to us friends friends make us have a greater social hub we can pour all our worry out to online friends close friends always stand right next to us although many other people come and go. Sometimes we get problem that we can not solve and they are also the best candidate to help us. Treat wholeheartedly friends, greet people with a smile from the heart and we will receive the same in return. Indeed, for feeling at ease, for comfort, for support- not according to blood but to friends.Types of friendsAs explained by the Spanish Proverb. Friends are an Indispensable part of our life. They help us understand new things. They enhance our self-esteem because they think were the best, because we matter to them. We dont need to pretend in front of them, just show the real personality. We all have friends. However, different people have different tastes and viewpoints to make different types of friends. In a questionnaire answered from World of Reading 3 by Eileen K. Blab, people identified the qualities of making rinds and the most important Is a friend keeping confidences.A sense of humor followed closely. Good conversationalist Is the less valued quality. In general, throughout our lives we come across many types of friends convenience friends, friends of friends, online friends and close friends. Convenience friends usually are our neighbors or classmates who live close to u s. These are the people we exchange some small articles of daily use. They will lend us their salt when we run out of it. They will ask us if we want to go shopping with them. They will aka care of our pets when we go on vacation for a week.And, when we have visitors, they let us park at their garage. We do these for them also. However, we wont come very close or tell too much. We may have their faceable or MS, but conversation is rarely started, unless we talk about weather or colleagues Its a beautiful day, isnt it? How is your new company? Are you satisfied with the current salary? something about ordinary greetings. Thus, convenience friends benefit from each other, but are not usually very close. My friends are friends with your friends so I guess ere friends, too. These kinds of friends are all about connecting people.I am sure most people know what that means. I have Introduced my friend who Is going to CBS to a friend who already was a CBS student. After a period of time, t hey meet and know each other. Soon, their circle goes on with their other circles of friends. This kind of phenomenon always happens in big social gatherings, such as parties. We will have a lot of fun together, have delicious food and exorbitant wine. Adversely, we usually chat for an hour or so, and then the conversation Is over. Conversation will continue even If they have nothing much to say to each other.If we meet on the street, the conversation would only last for a few minutes. Id start with Hey, what a coincidence, what are you doing here? and end with a Okay, see you. But I never really want to see them because I wouldnt take a time to drink coffee or eat dinner. In short, this kind of friends wont open hearts to each other. Teenagers now spend a lot of time on the internet, it has become a regular occurrence to get acquainted with online friends. This is the most uncommon type of rinds, however, they can also be the most precious.Simply Just because you all are stranger s, you can pour your feeling out to them without any worries. Those who know us well want details and specifics strangers allow us to operate more vaguely on a cosmic scale. You can only say l feel like Vie known you for years to someone you have not known for years. (From Roger Bert- Lost in translation). I used to have online friends who I almost everyday talk with. I wouldnt feel uncomfortable talking with them. In contrast, I told them all my happiness and sorrow. You can not Imagine topped talking, and life still goes on.So, these kind of friends are more like passers- by. Last, no doubt close friends is the best category of all kinds of friends. These people contribute anything for us. They can make the winter feel warmer, the sky more clear, the water sweeter because they are there. In addition, close friends take care of us. They can skip the class to come and see us when we tell them we are sick. They lend us their money, bed, heart, time, everything they have. We feel abso lutely reassured that we have them. When I was a little girl, I was living n a small countryside.I still remember when I caught fire flies with my friend, Inning Hang. We were together so often, like each others shadows. One charming night fall, we ran and played in a vast farm. From land to the farm, it has a slope with woods, so we would play on the slide. Ironically, we would both fall into a waterway and came home with our clothes all mucked up. My mom was shocked, and she asked me where I had gone and why I was like that. I decided to take of all the blame. The next morning she told me she did it in same way. That was a great impressive friendship.To summarize, each type of friends brings us diverse Joy. Convenience friends bring a lot convenience to us friends friends make us have a greater social hub we can pour all our worry out to online friends close friends always stand right next to us although many other people come and go. Sometimes we get problem that we can not solve and they are also the best candidate to help us. Treat wholeheartedly friends, greet people with a smile from the heart and we will receive the same in return. Indeed, for feeling at ease, for comfort, for support- not according to blood but to friends.

Book Review of Not So Quiet Essay

The role of women during the First World War or til at one time the Second World War has never been fully recognized as that of men. There ar only a few literary and academic pieces which depict the roles that they played and their significance to it. In this regard, children who atomic number 18 tasked to read history books prevail the nonion that women did nonhing significant during the struggle. However, in reality, there ar many women who played important roles during the warfarefare, their effort were just remaining unrecognized by historians. Women, just like men likewise participated in the war and exerted tremendous effort just to cleave by it.Many of them similarly served in the battle grounds fighting for their country and helping their countrymen who are risking their lives just to raise the flags of their country and protect their interests. The book Not So quiet by Helen Zenna Smith mirrors one of the significant roles that women played during the First Wo rld War. The story is a funny and lively story of a group of women who served as ambulance drivers for the British army. They had the privilege of bringing the wounded soldiers from the freezing cold of the war zone.These women were sent by their parents to serve in the army in order to insinuate their patriotism for the British crown. Their parents are very proud of their children who are in the army. However, they just dont know the pain and hardships that they are going through just to be considered as patriots. These women were under the tutelage of their air force officer, who they named as Mrs. shout out. As the name itself signifies, Mrs. Bitch is not a very good Commandant in the eyes of the girls. She is very watchful and strict. She needs the girls to be always on the go while the girls at times would want to rest from their heavy work.For instance, they want to take a decent bath however they cannot because they do not have the sufficient facilities that would allow t hem to and even of they had, Mrs. Bitch would not allow them. Moreover, Mrs. Bitch was very cruel that she would take every pain they complain of as mere feminine affectation. Tosh, one of the female ambulance drivers, decided to cut her copper short because her hair is starting to be a house of lice. This act was frowned by many of her colleagues since she looks like a boy. To them, the hair reflects a lot or so feminity.It is a crowning glory of every women and thus should be preserved as much as possible. However, for Tosh, the hair is not much of a enlarged deal especially if she cannot have the resources in order to care to it. Although forge is serving hard in the war, she does not see the point of going to war and shedding tons of billet. Unlike those people who are so engrossed to becoming a patriot, she holds the view that wars are pointless and useless. It is a gruesome air of taking away limb parts from a human being and ending many innocent lives.Everyday, she take s the bodies of men shriek from pain. They are full of blood and some parts of their bodies are even missing. She somehow empathizes with their cause but she cannot do anything but to bring them to where medical services are available. In addition, wars also put women like her on the line 24 hours a day, seven days a week just to serve the needs of her countrymen, regardless if they are sick. Ambulance drivers have no fixed hours. They can be called out any one of the twenty four, Helen said. The total war changed Helens life in so many ways than one.First she was exposed to the realities of life. Living in their home with her parents and siblings, she had not idea how the war zone is like and what patriotism is all about. The war zone is not a place for those who are weak and afraid. It is a place for strong and determined individuals. In addition, the war zone is a not place for those who do not have regard for patriotism. Although not a self-acclaimed patriot, she has done much for her country to consider her one. She has to work in field even if she is sick or had not even experienced a complete rest.Moreover, her work requires her to adequately take care of the sick and injured soldiers while they are not yet being attended to by medical practitioners. Ambulance drivers are not simply drivers. They also need to take extra care in dealing with the needs of the people the transport. We have no fixed rest times after driving all night, and consider ourselves lucky to get resultant hours sleep We are supposed to have an afternoon off weeklyI never had mine once, Helen claimed. There was even an instance wherein she is sick but had to spend only a few hours of rest as this is the Commandant asked her to.Another change that Smithy had to deal with is to deplete the nutrition served on the table. In the comfort of her own home, she has a caring mother to take care of her meals. She eats palatable and satiable food. However, her service in the war forced her to eat whatever the cook serves them, the taste be it good or bad. Eating as a matter of concomitant has become a joy for the drivers as they do not eat anything if they are on the road. Any driver out on duty during mealtimes simply misses the meal, Helen said. Moreover, Smithy was raised to become neat and proper.She was educated with the proper ways of speaking and acting in front of many people. She was raised well, however, in the war zone, she had to be accustomed to the brutal air of speaking and dealing with other people. It is a mans world and she needs to let go of her desire for sophistication just to survive and be the hero that her parents expect from her. She can only whine about the changes that she is facing. My conversation daily is growing less refined, Smithy said. Having a woman in the war zone is entirely difficult. There are many adjustments that the woman needs to face just to survive the war.The first thing that she should get accustomed with is the fact t hat she does not have the luxury of time to pamper and beautify herself. In the case of Smithy, they are ambulance drivers who are always on the go. They can be called anytime thus, they cannot get their hairs done or apply make up on before they leave otherwise, their patients will die. In addition, they also do not have the preference to have a decent bath or to care for themselves. They have to satisfy themselves with whatever is available. We have not had our garments off for nine days, Smithy claimed.Compared to men, women are very conscious of their looks, the clothes that they wear and the appearance that they exude to the public, however, Smithy and her co-ambulance drivers had no room for any of these feminine routines. They need to suffer in the itchiness of their heads and bodies. We have been itching furiously for days past, Smithy uttered. Aside from their looks, women who are serving in war zone also need to get accustomed with a light diet while working the tasks of a man. They had to content themselves whatever is available be they stale biscuits or the bad food in the canteen.As Smithy said, we are always hungry in varying degrees. Another difficulty that they go about but encountered is dealing with bloody screaming men. At first they had difficulty completing their tasks but as they went along, they got used to dying men inside the carts of their ambulance. The women in the story may have faced difficulty in completing their task as ambulance drivers but they managed to pull it off. While being a woman gave them several difficulties in dealing with their job, they did not use these in order to back off and leave their dying countrymen in the war zone.These women only show that men and women are just as capable in doing anything for their country. These women survived in a mans world and became instrumental in saving the lives of their soldiers. In this regard, women should never be forgotten in history books. They should be seen in equal l ight as men are for they too have their own contribution to the liberty that many nations now enjoy. Reference Smith, H. and Marcus, J. (1989). Not so quiet stepdaughters of war. New York Feminist Press

“Letter from Birmingham Jail” Literary Analys Essay

Martin Luther pouf, Jr.s, Letter from Birmingham Jail, was written in 1963 during the time Afri dissolve Americans were fighting for equality among races. We can tell this by the vocabulary used in his writing such as Negro, which was used at one time, and is no longer considered, politically correct. The plan for the garner is that Martin Luther tycoon Jr. was trying to convince the white clergymen that him and his Peoples actions were completely unnecessary for the situation. When doing this, he uses critical and persuasive tones to try to work on the reader to agree with him. Martin Luther King Jr. provides a valid contention using logos, pathos, and ethos throughout his letter.The use of comparison in Dr. Kings letter makes the African Americans trouble of segregation seems, just about holy. He comp ares being arrested for his peaceful but illegal actions to the crucifixion of Jesus for his preposterous God-consciousness and never-ceasing devotion. Martin Luther King, Jr. ties himself to God by suggesting that above constitutional rights and legal laws are God-given rights, and these rights are the ones that he and his followers are plump foring. He says that just laws, are laws that even up with moral law or the law of God. King resumes this religious association in his last paragraph, where he mentions blacks who conduct sit-ins as children of God who stand up for the most scare Values in our Judeo-Christian heritage. These similarities make Dr. King and his men seem to be fighting an almost heavenly cause, one that has the support of God and of history.King alike uses his voice through writing to educe emotion. Aside from his associations to God and Socrates, which may help religious readers better connect to his message, Martin Luther King Jr., writes about the emotional suffering that blacks went through cod to segregation and prejudice. He replies to whites telling blacks to wait for desegregation by bringing up several murders commit by whites on blacks, including lynching, drowning, and police cruelty. He continues on these emotional out looks by expressing how children begin to become disturbed by segregation when they realize that they are considered lesser to whites.King uses definite examples, such as a daughter who finds out that she cant visit an amusement park because it is closed to faded children, and a son who asks, Daddy, why do white people treat colored people so mean? He shows how the build-up of these thoughts in black children lastly turn into hatred for whites when he says, There comes a time when the cup of endurance runs over, and men are no longer willing to be plunged into the abysm of despair. All of these statements help the reader see just how blacks were disturbed beyond decency and rightfulness. Kings use of emotional writing helps readers develop sympathy for the segregated.Martin Luther King Jr., is trying to tell the white clergymen what he feels they are doing wrong. He uses so many different emotional pulls at the attempt to grab their attention. He does a majuscule job of doing this through referring to the bible and about children. Through the use of rhetorical strategies, Martin Luther King Jr. countered the clergymens argument. He also got their attention due to his unique strategy of directly addressing his readers, the clergymen, to create the base of his argument. From there, King is able to shatter his opponents claims. This way of arguing allowed King to present his argument with more authority to achieve his goal justify the reasons for nonviolent demonstrations against segregation.I feel as if Martin Luther Kings Letter From Birmingham Jail had a great impact on the rights of black people during his time. The fact that is still read today proves its a great piece of writing. From my point of view he was in the right with every opinion he expressed I honestly dont see how you couldnt agree with him. His writing is non only changing the world, but i s entertainment to read. In the closing of his letter he says I hope this letter finds you strong in the faith. I also hope that the circumstances will soon make it possible for me to meet each of you, not as integrationist or a civil-rights leader but as a fellow clergymen and a Christian brother. This is the hope of many people we are getting closer each day to having his hope become a reality. I believe this letter had a huge impact on many peoples lives, and will continue to change the world.

Describe and Evaluate Social Explanations of Aggression

Describe and evaluate social explanations of aggression. Aggression can be defined in many different personal manners. Bandura adverts that it is the intent to cause harm to a nonher human being who is motivated to avoid such treatment. One of the main social mental explanations of aggression comes from Bandura and Walters in 1963. He suggests that aggression is wise to(p) either indirectly through observational learning and only replicated if vicarious reinforcement occurs, or directly- where aggressive behaviour is directly reinforced.While both are a form of operant conditioning, the direct approach parallels the ideas much closer. Bandura outlined the following ternion steps in the modelling process of SLT Observation- by watching the behaviour of role models and then imitating that behaviour, mental representation- the child will only display the learned behaviour as long as the expectation of re state of ward is greater than the expectation of punishment, and production of behaviour- if the child is rewarded (maintenance through direct experience) or by construct the confidence from expectancies of like likely outcomes of their aggressive behaviour (self-efficacy).In stand out of this theory, Bandura et al. proved that if children watch someone else behave aggressively towards a Bobo Doll, they were more than likely to be aggressive themselves later on, specifically imitating individual actions they had previously seen. When the model was rewarded, the child was more likely to reproduce through vicarious reinforcement compared to those models punished, thus exhibit that observational learning only results in imitation when it is vicariously reinforced. This study so far, does not take into account of the nature vs. urture debate. Although it seems that Banduras research proves that behaviour is learnt (nurture), it must however be noted that there were many gender differences where the boys produced more physical aggression than girls, which c onsequently support the argument that such behaviour is innate (nature). In addition, research findings are not only culturally bound but may be due to demand characteristics. It was noted by Noble (1975), later the study occurred, that many of the parents told the children what to expect, consequently causing little face validity.Furthermore, although this study tells us that children do acquire aggressive responses as a result of watching others, it does not tell us much about why a child would be motivated to do so in the absence of the model, nor does it embroil the cognition or biology of these behaviours. This study overly holds many ethical issues. It was carried out in the knowledge that children may reproduce the aggressive behaviours they were exposed to and whence it is difficult to establish the scientific credibility.It is also difficult to further test the social learning theory experimentally due to the concern of needing to protect participants from psychological and psychical harm. More everyplace, a weakness of the Social Learning Theory is that people are never consistently rewarded for aggression. Often, and if not in most cases they are punished, not rewarded. While media can sometimes portray certain acts as ethically ambiguous, it is rare to find these days aggressive behaviour rewarded in a mainstream way to suggest that the population are learning this behaviour through SLT.Deindividuation, another social psychological theory is defined as the loss of a genius of personal identity that can occur when, for example, in a crows or wearing a mask. It is associated with a reduced sense of personal responsibility and increase anti-social behaviour. The theory relies heavily on two components anonymity and reduced self-awareness. Anonymity describes the presence of crowds (or groups) leading individual members to feel anonymous and act according to a different set of norms and values which are imposed or encouraged by them (Zimbardo 1969 ).The alternate explanation for deindividuation to cause aggression is reduced self-awareness. Proposed by Prentice-Dunn Rogers 1982, they suggest that crowds do not lead necessarily to anonymity or public awareness (while this may contribute) but instead lead to a lack of unavowed awareness, often strengthened by the presence of drugs and alcohol. Normally, people are aware of their personal morals, however within a group it is argued that they may lose vista of such private principles and instead follow the group.The majority of research evidence in deindividuation comes from the work of Zimbardo. He repeated the Milgram paradigm, where female participant were either wearing a nametag (individuated) or in a hood (deindividuated) and it was found that by wearing a hood, participants were much more likely to give shocks to the learner. Furthermore, Diener et al. observed the behaviour of over 1000 children on Halloween. The children were asked their name, and for those that didnt give it, rates of stealing candy or money when alone rose ramatically. These studies support the idea of anonymity and how they are more likely to carry out antisocial behaviour when they cannot be identified. Cannavale et al. (1970) found that male and female groups responded differently under deinviduated conditions and therefore reflecting gender bias in Zimbardos research. This can further be linked to the biological approach as it fails to consider the biology of aggression, such as the hormones.The male sex hormone, testosterone, is perspective to play aggression from young adulthood onwards due to its action on brain areas involved in controlling aggression. This is supported by Dabbs et al. (1987) who measures salivary testosterone in violent and non-violent criminals. They found that those with higher levels of testosterone had a history of violent crime whereas those with the lowest levels had committed only non-violent crime. Dramatic support for the deadly influence o f deindividuation comes from a study by anthropologist Robert Watson (1973).He collected data from tribes on the extent to which they killed, tortured or mutilated their victims. He found that societies where warriors changed their appearance (through the use of war paint and tribal costumes etc. ) were more destructive towards their victims compared to those who did not change their appearance. This study not only provides research support for the idea of anonymity, but also gives evidence that this theory takes account of cultural differences.However, most of the research focuses on the relationship between deindividuation and antisocial behaviour. But Spivey and Prentice-Dunn (1990) found that deindividuation could lead to either prosocial or antisocial behaviour depending on the situational factors. When prosocial environmental cues were present (such as a prosical model), deindividuated participants preformed significantly more altruistic acts (giving money) and significantly f ewer antisocial acts (giving electric shocks)c compared to a control group.Furthermore, desirable effects of deindividuation can be found on cyberspace. Adolescents reported feeling significantly more comfortable seeiking help with mental wellness problems under deindividuated circumstances of Internet chat rooms as opposed to individuated circumstances of a personal appointment with a health professional (Francis eta al. 2006). This lends support to the deindividuation theory and displays the positive aspect of deindividuation.

International Finance: Study Notes

1) Market seeker design st oldenuregy focuses on ongoing trade, and live consumers needs for quick return on enthronization. For award US automobile firms globeufacturing in Europe for local consumption argon an example of market-seeking motivation. 2) Raw Material seekers extract unfinished goods apply in the manufacture of a product. For example, a steelmaker uses iron ore and other metals in producing steel. A issue company uses paper and ink to create books, modernspapers, and magazines.Raw materials atomic number 18 carried on a companys equilibrium sheet as inventory in the current assets section. 3) political relational safety seekers acquire or establish new trading ope proportionalityns in countries that be considered un in tout ensemble likelihood to expropriate or interfere with clannish enterprise. For example, Hong Kong firms unvested heavily in the social unite States, united Kingdom, Canada, and Australia in anticipation of the consequences of Chinas 1997 takeover of the British colony. ) Production Efficiency seekers arrive at in countries w here(predicate) peerless or to a greater extent than(prenominal)(prenominal) of the factors of issue ar infra equipment casualtyd relative to their productivity. Labour-intensive production of electronic components in Taiwan, Malaysia, and Mexico is an example of this motivation. 5) Knowledge seekers ope score in exotic countries to pip access to applied science or managerial expertise. An example, German, Dutch, and Japanese firms impart purchased US located electronics firms for their technology. author Investopedia motility 2 Political try is a type of hazard confront by investors, corporations, and governments. It is a adventure that contri providede be understood and managed with reasoned foresight and investment. Broadly, governmental jeopardy refers to the complications businesses and governments may face as a issue of what are comm besides referred to as p olitical decisionsor any political change that alters the pass judgment outcome and measure out of a given frugal follow by by changing the probability of achieving business objectives. .Political risk faced by firms sewer be defined as the risk of a st appreciategic, financial, or personnel loss for a firm because of such nonmarket factors as macroeconomic and social policies (fiscal, monetary, trade, investment, industrial, income, labour, and developmental), or events related to political instability (terrorism, riots, coups, civil war, and insurrection). Portfolio investors may face similar financial losses. Moreover, governments may face complications in their ability to execute diplomatic, military or other initiatives as a result of political risk.A low level of political risk in a given bucolic does not necessarily correspond to a high degree of political freedom. Indeed, some of the more stable states are excessively the intimately authoritarian. Long-term assess ments of political risk mustiness account for the danger that a politically tyrannic environment is solely stable as long as top-down control is maintained and citizens prevented from a free deputise of ideas and goods with the outside world. Understanding risk as part probability and part impact provides insight into political risk.For a business, the implication for political risk is that there is a measure of likeliness that political events may complicate its pursuit of earnings finished get up impacts (such as levyes or fees) or in target impacts (such as opportunity cost forgone). As a result, political risk is similar to an expected value such that the likelihood of a political event occurring may cut bum the desirability of that investment by cut its anticipated returns. There are some(prenominal) macro- and micro-level political risks. Macro-level political risks arouse similar impacts across all foreign actors in a given location.While these are let ind in cou ntry risk analysis, it would be incorrect to equate macro-level political risk analysis with country risk as country risk only looks at national-level risks and also allows financial and economic risks. Micro-level risks focus on sector, firm, or project specific risk. Political risks are classified as follows 1) Blocked Fund Term for reserving funds by one bank for the benefit of another bank. Blocking of funds is an often utilise banking procedure to ensure that the same funds are not used twice. lots more beneficial to an investor than a bank guarantee. ) Ownership Is the state or fact of exclusive in effect(p)s and control over property, which may be an object, land/ rattling estate or intellectual property. Ownership involves multiple rights, collectively referred to as title, which may be sepa setd and held by contrastive parties 3) Religion Heritage Is the organized religion in which a person was predominantly raised or the faith a persons parents or previous generati ons have traditionally held. 4)Terrorism Is the systematic use of terror especially as a federal agency of coercion. No universally agreed, legitimately binding, criminal law definition of terrorism currently exists.Common definitions of terrorism refer only to those violent acts which are intended to create fear (terror), are perpetrated for a religious, political or ideological goal, deliberately tar ride or disregard the safety of non-combatants (civilians), and are committed by non-government agencies. Some definitions also include acts of unlawful military force and war. The use of similar tactics by criminal organizations for protection rackets or to enforce a code of silence is usually not labeled terrorism though these same actions may be labeled terrorism when done by a politically motivated group.The word terrorism is politically and emotionally charged, and this greatly compounds the difficulty of providing a precise definition. Studies have found over 100 definitions of terrorism. The concept of terrorism may itself be controversial as it is often used by state authorities to delegitimize political or other opponents, and potentially legitimize the states own use of build up force against opponents (such use of force may itself be described as terror by opponents of the state). Terrorism has been practiced by a patient of set off of political organizations for furthering their objectives.It has been practiced by both right-wing and left-wing political parties, nationalistic groups, religious groups, revolutionaries, and ruling governments. An abiding characteristic is the indiscriminate use of violence against noncombatants for the purpose of gaining frequentity for a group, cause, or individual. 5)Protectionism is the economic policy of restraining trade in the midst of states through methods such as tariffs on imported goods, restrictive quotas, and a variety of other government regulations designed to discourage imports and prevent fore ign take-over of domestic markets and companies.This policy contrasts with free trade, where government barriers to trade and movement of superior are kept to a minimum. In recent years, it has become closely aligned with anti-globalization. The term is mostly used in the context of economics, where protectionism refers to policies or doctrines which protect businesses and practiceers within a country by restricting or regulating trade with foreign nations. Source Wikipedia Question 3 Hedging means reducing or controlling risk.This is done by taking a position in the futures market that is opposite to the one in the physical market with the objective of reducing or limiting risks associated with price changes. Hedging is a two-step process. A gain or loss in the cash position due to changes in price levels exit be countered by changes in the value of a futures position. For instance, a wheat farmer mess sell wheat futures to protect the value of his crop prior to harvest. If th ere is a fall in price, the loss in the cash market position go away be countered by a gain in futures position.Hedging is a mechanism to reduce the risk of adverse price movements of an asset. Its an investment under taken to reduce the risk of adverse movements of the primal assets. We all agree with the fact that in investment risks and returns are the two sides of a coin. The underlying asset spate be a security, currency, debt instruments or a commodity like crude oil. A Perfect Hedge is an offsetting investment which completely eliminates the risk of the price movements. However, this is a lot not possible, as all investments do carry a risk.Reason for hedging Participating in hedging has reasons that are connected with price risk. Typically, traders take part in hedging so they can more effectively plan on set price (often employing the remit ratio). Considering of course, gold or silver futures for instance as a disconcert against inflation and falling currencies. Farm ers, growers and producers alike near the source hedge to get a lock on pricing at some appointed time. Often they buy futures fundamentally in order to protect against price drops.Producers, manufacturers and large consumers are normally in the practice of hedging but rather to get a better handle on their cash flow or finished product/service costs. Surely in commodities that are known to be volatile in nature, where prices need a stabilization factor. Example Where precious metals are used as raw materials. Trucking companies, the nisuslines and transportation companies all hedge to lock in lower prices. Electricity generation, in its used of natural gas also provides ample reason for hedging.Larger food companies needing the ingredients of grains and wheat flour for breads, ce significants and baked goods (not to mention coffee and cocoa) and hedge for price protection. When successful it becomes an integral part of delivering their product to consumers. Some companies even hedge so that consumers may not be so hard pressed in the event of price climbs, perhaps seen as unreasonable by consumers. Reason against hedging The management of financial risk is difficult and conceptually demanding. Probably the most difficult issue is the actual recognition of where and how much financial risk is being incurred.Example An Australian metal producer who borrows in the States as a partial hedge because their product is priced in USD in world markets. The problem with this hedge is that it genuinely would profit risk. The AUD is a commodity currency and when metal prices fall the AUD will generally be weaker. This means that our metal tradeer finds that their USD loan is costing those more in AUD terms at the same time as revenue is collapsing. The reason for the problem is that the company failed to recognize the correlation between metal prices and the AUD exchange rate. Source wikipedia Question 4A equalizer of payments (BOP) sheet is an accounting record o f all monetary minutes between a country and the rest of the world. These transactions include payments for the countrys exportations and imports of goods, services, and financial capital, as well as financial transfers. The BOP summarizes international transactions for a specific flow rate, usually a year, and is prepared in a single currency, typically the domestic currency for the country concerned. Sources of funds for a nation, such as exports or the receipts of loans and investments, are record as positive or surplus tems. Uses of funds, such as for imports or to invest in foreign countries, are recorded as a negative or shortage item. When all components of the BOP sheet are included it must counterpoise that is, it must sum to zero there can be no overall surplus or deficit. For example, if a country is importing more than it exports, its trade parallelism will be in deficit, but the shortfall will have to be counter relaxationd in other ways such as by funds real ize from its foreign investments, by ladder down reserves or by receiving loans from other countries.While the overall BOP sheet will always balance when all types of payments are included, imbalances are possible on individual elements of the BOP, such as the current account. This can result in surplus countries accumulating hoards of wealth, while deficit nations become increasingly indebted. historically there have been different approaches to the question of how to correct imbalances and debate on whether they are something governments should be concerned about. Since 1974, the two principal divisions on the BOP have been the current account and the capital account.The current account shows the net amount a country is earning if it is in surplus, or spending if it is in deficit. It is the sum of the balance of trade (net earnings on exports payments for imports) , factor income (earnings on foreign investments payments do to foreign investors) and cash transfers. Its called the current account as it covers transactions in the here and now those that dont give rise to future claims. The capital account records the net change in ownership of foreign assets.It includes the reserve account (the international operations of a nations central bank), along with loans and investments between the country and the rest of world (but not the future regular repayments / dividends that the loans and investments yield, those are earnings and will be recorded in the current account). Expressed with the cadence meaning for the capital account, the BOP identity is pic The balancing item is simply an amount that accounts for any statistical errors and assures that the current and capital accounts sum to zero.At high level, by the principles of double entree accounting, an instauration in the current account gives rise to an entry in the capital account, and in aggregate the two accounts should balance. A balance isnt always reflected in reported figures, which might, for example, report a surplus for both accounts, but when this happens it always means something has been missedmost commonly, the operations of the countrys central bank. An actual balance sheet will typically have numerous sub headings under the principal divisions. For example, entries under Current account might include Trade buying and selling of goods and services Exports a credit entry o Imports a debit entry ? Trade balance the sum of Exports and Imports Factor income repayments and dividends from loans and investments o Factor earnings a credit entry o Factor payments a debit entry ? Factor income balance the sum of earnings and payments. Especially in older balance sheets, a common division was between visible and invisible entries. visual trade recorded imports and exports of physical goods (entries for trade in physical goods excluding services is now often called the merchandise balance).Invisible trade would record international buying and selling of service s, and sometimes would be grouped with transfer and factor income as invisible earnings. In the fount of any particular country, a balance reflecting the ratio of monetary receipts from foreign countries to total payments to foreign countries, as computed for a year, quarter, or other period of time. A favorable balance of payments results when receipts pass away payments, whereas an unfavorable balance of payments, or deficit, results when the reverse is true.The balance of payments reflects the diverse economic relations that exist between countries and lead to various international payments these relations include foreign trade and the export of capital. The balance of payments also reflects international relations in the political, scientific, technological, and cultural spheres this is seen, for example, in expenditures that arise from the maintenance of representations in foreign countries, from trips by official delegations and tourists, from the acquisition of patents and licenses, and from private transfers.In developed capitalist countries, the chief principals in international economic relations are private companies, including those engaged in commerce, industry, banking, insurance, and transport. The balance of payments models as the spontaneous result of many isolated transactions an operation, for which no accurate account can be maintained. The balance of payments tables compiled in buttoned-down states therefore represent only an approximate evaluation of receipts and payments.The item in the balance of payments tables that is called errors and omissions provides particular curtilage of this fact. The balance of payments encompasses only the payments actually made during a given period. By contrast, the balance of international indebtedness, or balance of claims and liabilities, is the ratio of the foreign claims of a given country to the foreign liabilities of that country.The balance of payments in capitalist and developing nations inc ludes scores of diverse items, which usually are grouped in the following categories, as recommended by the International Monetary Fund foreign trade (exports and imports of commodities), services (including transport, tourism, insurance, government expenditures, banking services, and income from investments), uni later onal transfers, the movement of long-term capital, the movement of short-term capital, change in the gold and currency reserves, and errors and omissions.The first three categories advert the current account balance of payments, the next two are the balance of capital movements, and the last two are the balancing items. Analysis of the balance of payments is truly important in describing a countrys place in the system of international economic relations, especially with respect to world trade. When receipts from the export of commodities consistently exceed import payments, this generally points to a countrys strength in world markets this was the case with Japan a nd the Federal Republic of Germany in the late 1960s and early 1970s.On the other hand, import payments that exceed export earnings are an indication of economic difficulties related to the deficit of the balance of payments this was the position of the USA in these same years. An important item in the current account balance of payments concerns the receipts and payments for foreign investments. This item reflects profit real from abroad and paid abroad, in the operate of dividends, fire, and so forth.The profit represents a source of enormous income for capital-exporting imperialist states with large capital investments abroad, either in the lay down of ingest investments or in the form of loans and credits. In 1971, for example, the income of Great Britain from foreign investments was ? 667 million, more than double the positive trade balance. The profit from foreign capital investments repatriated to the United States amounted to $10. 7 billion in 1971 and was the second mo st important item of receipts in the nations balance of payments, later the income from export commodities.This attests to the piece of the United States as the center of financial exploitation in the capitalist world. The overwhelming majority of developing countries are importers of capital, and payments on foreign investments are one of the chief reasons for the overall balances of payments deficits. The payments on foreign investments absorb an ever greater portion of the export earnings of the developing countries. Foreign military expenditures are also included in the current account balance of payments.These expenditures are due to imperialist states policy of aggression and the maintenance of numerous military bases abroad. This is one of the most important reasons for the deficit in the balance of payments and the ensuing monetary crises. The enormous rise in state military and political expenditures abroad underlies the chronic deficit in the US balance of payments. Expe nditures from the early 1960s through the early 1970s totaled more than $100 billion, some 40 theatrical role more than the surplus for all other items in the USAs balance of payments.Capital movement as reflected in the balance of payments is primarily in the form of the movement of long-term capital. Long-term capital movement includes direct investments, which provide for full ownership of enterprises or control of their operations portfolio investments, made in the form of investments in overseas securities and loans, credits, and subsidies. The export of capitalthe outflow of capital from a given countryis reflected as an expenditure in the balance of payments the import of capital, on the other hand, represents an influx of funds and is included as income.The export of capital, for example, to the developing countries, causes a flow of profit from the countries where the foreign capital has been placed this ultimately has a negative effect on the balance of payments of the c ountries receiving foreign capital. At the same time, summationd export of capital sometimes directly worsens the balance of payments of the imperialist states. The export of capital and military expenditures are precisely the reasons for the balance of payments deficit in the USA. The movement of short-term capital is related to the way notes on sterilize in foreign banks is constantly transferred between countries.These transfers are to a operative degree related to speculation with respect to change in exchange order or affaire on deposits. The indicator of a surplus or deficit of the balance of payments is important in describing the economic situation of a country. In capitalist nations, several(prenominal) methods are used for determining this balance in the USA, for example, three methods are employed. The balancing indicator is most often the balance of the current transactions and the balance of the change in the gold and currency reserves.Various methods are used to regulate the balance of payments. One basic method involves the export of gold when there is a deficit balance and the import of gold when there is a surplus balance. The chronic balance of payments deficit in the USA in the 1960s and early 1970s led to a significant outflow of gold and a reduction in US gold reserves. The balance of payments deficit may also be covered by increasing short-term or long-term debts to creditor nations, which accumulate the corresponding obligations of their debtors.Because the gold reserves of the capitalist and developing countries are limited, foreign credits and loans are becoming the basic means of covering the balance of payments deficit this is especially true in the case of developing countries. To improve the balance of payments situation, capitalist states frequently resort to a currency devaluation, which helps increase export receipts from tourism, the import of foreign capital, and so forth. The balance of payments situation of a capitalis t country is a basic factor in determining the state of that countrys currency.For example, the crisis of the US sawhorse basically resulted from a sharp deterioration in the US balance of payments, which had a deficit of almost $10 billion in 1972. The US government was oblige to devalue the dollar in 1971 and 1973 because of the drop in gold and currency reserves and the increase in foreign debts, both of which were caused by the chronic balance of payments deficit. In socialist countries, foreign economic relations are based on the state monopoly of foreign trade and the foreign-exchange monopoly.The balance of payments is planned as a component part of a general plan embracing the national economy, foreign trade, and currency. Payments of the member countries of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) are mutually equilibrise through long-term planning of trade and payments between the countries payments in transfer rubles are used. Because of the foreign-exchang e monopoly, the balance of payments does not influence the situation of the monetary units of the socialist countries.In relations with the capitalist states, the Soviet Union and other socialist countries avoid balance of payments deficits through the planned use of foreign-exchange and gold resources and anticipated foreign-exchange receipts. Source finance Asia Question 5 Annualized = Forward Price Spot Pricex12 x100% Forward Premium Spot Price of months onwardDirect Quotation represents the value of a foreign currency in dollars (number of dollars per currency). In this case, the Japanese Yen is taken as the local currency and USD is taken as the foreign currency. Direct = ((120 -140) / 140)*(12 / 6)*100 = 28. 5714% out front discount Indirect = 1 / Direct = 1/-28. 5714% = 3. 5% forward discount Question 6 Atype of diagramwhere the curve falls at the outset and eventually rises to a point higher(prenominal) than the starting point, suggesting the letter J.While a J-curve c an apply to datain a variety of fields, such as medicine and political science, the J-curve effect is mostnotable in both economics and private equity funds after a certain policy or investment is made, an initial loss is followed by a significant gain. An exampleof theJ-curve effectis seen in economicswhen a countrys trade balance initiallyworsens following a devaluation or depreciation of its currency. The higher exchange rate will at first correspond to more costly imports and less valuable exports, leading to a bigger initial deficit or a maller surplus. Due to the competitive, relatively low-priced exports, however, a countrys exports will start to increase. Local consumers will also purchase less of the more expensive imports and focus on local goods. The trade balance eventually improves to better levelscompared to before devaluation. In private equity funds, the J-curve effect occurs whenfunds experience negative returns for the first several years. This is a common experien ce, as the early years of the fund include capital drawdown and an investment portfolio that has yet to mature.If the fund is well managed, it will eventually be restored from its initial losses and the returns will form a J-curve losses in the beginning dip down below the initial value, and later returns show win above the initial level. The theory of the J-curve is an explanation for the J-like pattern of change in a countrys trade balance in response to a sudden or substantial depreciation (or devaluation) of the currency. Consider the adjoining diagram depicting two variables measured, hypothetically, over some period of time the dollar/foreign exchange rate, E$/*, and the US current account balance, CA = EX IM.The exchange rate is meant to represent the average value of the dollar against all other trading country currencies and would correspond to a dollar value index which is often constructed and reported. Since the units of these two data series would be in very differen t scales, we imagine the exchange rate is measured along the left axis, while the CA balance is measured in different units on the right-hand axis. With appropriately chosen scales we can line up the two series next to each other to see whether changes in the exchange rate seem to correlate with positive or negative changes in the CA balance.Source Investopedia Question 7 measure is to impose a financial charge or other levy upon a taskpayer (an individual or legal entity) by a state or the functional equivalent of a state such that failure to pay is guilty by law. Taxes are also imposed by many subnational entities. Taxes consist of direct tax or indirect tax, and may be paid in money or as its labor equivalent (often but not always unpaid labour). A tax may be defined as a pecuniary burden laid upon individuals or property owners to support the government, a payment exacted y legislative authority. A tax is not a voluntary payment or donation, but an enforced contribution, exa cted pursuant to legislative authority and is any contribution imposed by government whether under the progress to of toll, tribute, tallage, gabel, impost, duty, custom, excise, subsidy, aid, supply, or other name. The legal definition and the economic definition of taxes differ in that economists do not consider many transfers to governments to be taxes. For example, some transfers to the public sector are comparable to prices.Examples include tuition at public universities and fees for utilities provided by local governments. Governments also obtain resources by creating money (e. g. , printing bills and minting coins), through voluntary gifts (e. g. , contributions to public universities and museums), by imposing penalties (e. g. , traffic fines), by borrowing, and by confiscating wealth. From the view of economists, a tax is a non-penal, yet compulsory transfer of resources from the private to the public sector levied on a basis of predetermined criteria and without reference to specific benefit received.In modern receipts systems, taxes are levied in money but, in-kind and corvee taxation is characteristic of traditional or pre-capitalist states and their functional equivalents. The method of taxation and the government expenditure of taxes raised is often highly debated in politics and economics. Tax collection is performed by a government agency such as Canada gross Agency, the home(a) Revenue Service (IRS) in the United States, or Her Majestys Revenue and Customs (HMRC) in the UK.When taxes are not fully paid, civil penalties (such as fines or forfeiture) or criminal penalties (such as incarceration) may be imposed on the non-paying entity or individual. Taxes are sometimes referred to as direct taxes or indirect taxes. The meaning of these terms can vary in different contexts, which can sometimes lead to confusion. An economic definition, by Atkinson, states that direct taxes may be adjusted to the individual characteristics of the taxpayer, whe reas indirect taxes are levied on transactions irrespective of the circumstances of vendee or seller. According to this definition, for example, income tax is direct, and gross revenue tax is indirect. In law, the terms may have different meanings. In U. S. constitutional law, for instance, direct taxes refer to poll taxes and property taxes, which are based on simple existence or ownership. Indirect taxes are imposed on events, rights, privileges, and activities. Thus, a tax on the sale of property would be considered an indirect tax, whereas the tax on simply owning the property itself would be a direct tax. The distinction between direct and indirect taxation can be subtle but can be important under the law.The Advantages of Direct and Indirect Taxes Governments collect taxes by direct and indirect means. An example of a direct tax is payroll tax, where tax is deducted by an employer from an employees income, and paid directly to a collection agency, such as the Internal Revenue Service in the United States. An indirect tax is a tax which is not paid directly to the collection agency by the person paying the tax, but goes an intermediary, who then passes the tax to the collection agency. Sales taxes are examples of indirect taxes. Progressive Advantage of Direct TaxesOne advantage of direct taxation is that it is easy to apply in a progressive manner. Progressive taxes are a fair way of generating revenue, because multiple rates of taxation can be applied, based on the ability of the tax payer to pay the tax, especially if tax rates increase marginally. For example, a government may apply income tax to earnings at a rate of 10 percent, for all income earned up to $20,000. Then it applies a rate of 15 percent to income over $20,000. A person earning more than $20,000 will pay tax at a rate of 10 percent on the first $20,000 earned, and only pays 15 percent on earnings over that amount.Progressive, marginal, direct taxation is therefore fair because higher e arners bear a greater part of the tax burden, based on their ability to pay higher rates of tax. Transparency of Direct Taxation Direct taxes, which go directly by the person bearing the burden of the tax, are transparent taxes. For example, when an employer deducts taxes from the wages of an employee, the employee can see the amount of tax deducted, as it is included on his or her wage statement, or pay-slip. Self-employed tax payers can also see the amount of tax they need to pay to the government, hen they complete their tax returns. In a democracy, tax transparency means that governments have to justify taxes they impose to their voters, and tax-paying voters always aware of the tax burdens imposed on them by politicians. Environmental Benefits of Indirect Taxation Governments use Indirect taxes, such as taxes added to the price of goods and services, to modify the behaviour of individuals in order to help achieve environmental goals. For example, the true price of gasoline, at point of delivery to the public is low.The price does not encourage people to reduce their use of gasoline by using public transport, or buying more fuel-efficient vehicles. If a government wishes to reduce the use of gasoline as part of an environmental protection goal, it can artificially inflate the price of gasoline to the consumer, by imposing a sales tax to increase the price. When a government imposes a high enough tax on gasoline, it results in a reduction of demand for gasoline, and thus support the government in implementing its environmental policy. Source Wikinvest Question 8The Bretton Woods system was established in 1944 as the major capitalist situations initiated a architectural plan of national regulation aimed at containing the contradictions of the world economy and preventing the development of socialist revolution. Its demise in 1971 inaugurated a new stage, characterised by the development of globalised production and the command of an international financi al market. When the US pulled the rug from under the previous system it did so in order to maintain its position of global hegemony in the new economic order which was beginning to emerge. It managed to do so but at great cost.The free market program it has so strenuously promoted over the past 30 years has intensified all the contradictions of the capitalist mode of production. At the same time, starting with the unilateral decision of August 15, 1971, the basis for collaboration between the major capitalist powers has been narrowing. The combined impact of these two processes has created the conditions for major economic, social and political upheavals in the world capitalist economy in the period at a time ahead. Source Wordiq Question 9 There are many factors that influence the exchange rate of US dollar.Generally speaking, there are mainly four reasons first, the health condition and the rate of return for investment of the US economy, secondly, the balance of international p ayment in the US, thirdly, the level of wager rates in the US compared with those in other countries, and fourthly, the rate of inflation. The following might be the reason why its expected to continue tight throught to the basement floor colossal budget and trade deficits. Ultra-low enkindle rates. (Zero on the short end. ) $59 trillion in unfunded liabilities for Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid. Bernanke conjuring extra trillions out of thin air to buy Treasuries and mortgage-back securities and patch various holes in the U. S. economy. There is no reason to believe any of these problems will vanish in the months ahead. Yet the dollar will soar in 2010. Heres why Two Reasons for a Dollar Rebound There are two main forces that could drive the dollar higher All the problems mentioned above are already well recognized and priced into the greenback. Dollar psychology is overwhelmingly bearish. Just as 10 years ago, investors couldnt imagine Internet stocks doing anythin g but soaring higher.Five years ago, they couldnt imagine real estate doing anything but barrelling down the same one-way street. study lows for the dollar are coinciding with enormous confidence that the dollar has nowhere to go but down. When extreme valuations are accompanied by unbridled optimism or abject pessimism, it virtually always marks a turning point and an opportunity. This is no exception. Commentators seem to forget that all currency values are contingent. You cant just look at fundamentals in the United States. You have to look at them abroad, too. And there isnt uch out there right now thats terribly positive Americas Fellow Heavyweights Have Problems, Too Take Europe, for example Eurozone In the third quarter, the 16-nation Eurozone grew at a 1. 5% annual rate. The U. S economy, by comparison, grew at 3. 5%. European consumers and most business sectors are still feeling the pain from the deepest recession since the 1930s. The continent is likely to be the weake st region for global expansion next year, according to Julian Callow, Chief European Economist at Barclays Capital in London. United Kingdom This is no bastion of strength, either.Europes biggest economy outside the Eurozone is still in recession, due to overly indebted British households and tight credit. British GDP contracted at an annualized 1. 6% in the third quarter. Japan The worlds second-largest economy has its own problems, too. At 172% of GDP, Japans government debt is by far the largest among rich nations. Whats more, its expected to reach 200% next year and hit 300% within a decade. emerging social security costs and the weak economy are the primary culprits. The new government there is trying to prevent a double-dip recession by spending even more.But with government debt soaring to records, talk of new stimulus measures is already pushing up long-term rates and threatening to break short the impact of fresh spending. Source Economics help Question 10 regulation deviation is a widely used measurement of variability or diversity used in statistics and probability theory. It shows how much variation or dispersion there is from the average (mean, or expected/budgeted value). A low received deviation indicates that the data points tend to be very close to the mean, whereas high standard deviation indicates that the data are spread out over a large range of values.Technically, the standard deviation of a statistical population, data set, or probability distribution is the square root of its variance. It is algebraically simpler though practically less robust than the average absolute deviation. A useful property of standard deviation is that, unlike variance, it is expressed in the same units as the data. Note, however, that for measurements with percentage as unit, the standard deviation will have percentage points as unit. In addition to expressing the variability of a population, standard deviation is commonly used to measure confidence in s tatistical conclusions.For example, the margin of error in polling data is determined by scheming the expected standard deviation in the results if the same poll were to be conducted multiple times. The reported margin of error is typically about twice the standard deviation the radius of a 95 percent confidence interval. In science, researchers commonly report the standard deviation of experimental data, and only effects that fall far outside the range of standard deviation are considered statistically significant normal random error or variation in the measurements is in this way distinguished from causal variation.Standard deviation is also important in finance, where the standard deviation on the rate of return on an investment is a measure of the volatility of the investment. When only a consume of data from a population is available, the population standard deviation can be estimated by a modified quantity called the sample standard deviation pic Risks can be reduced in fo ur main ways Avoidance, Diversification, Hedging and Insurance by transferring risk. Systemic risk, also called market risk or un-diversifiable risk, is a risk of security that cannot be reduced through diversification.Participants in the market, like hedge funds, can be the source of an increase in systemic risk and transfer of risk to them may, paradoxically, increase the exposure to systemic risk. Unsystematic risk also called the diversifiable risk or residual risk. The risk that is unique to a company such as a strike, the outcome of unfavorable litigation, or a natural catastrophe that can be eliminated through diversification. A ratio developed by Nobel laureateWilliam F. Sharpe to measure risk-adjusted performance. TheSharpe ratiois calculated by subtracting the risk-free rate such asthat of the10-year U.S. Treasury stick by from the rate of return for a portfolio and dividing the result by the standard deviation of the portfolio returns. The Sharpe ratio formula is pic Th e Sharpe ratio tells us whether a portfolios returnsare due to sassy investment decisions or a result of excess risk. This measurement is very useful becausealthough one portfolio or fund can reap higher returns than its peers, it is only a good investment if those higher returns do not come with too much additional risk. The greater a portfolios Sharpe ratio, the better its risk-adjusted performance has been.A negative Sharpe ratio indicates that a risk-less asset would perform better than the security being dissectd. A variation of the Sharpe ratio is the Sortino ratio, which removes the effects of upward price movements on standard deviation to measure only return against downward price volatility. The Treynor ratio (sometimes called the reward-to-volatility ratio or Treynor measure), named after Jack L. Treynor, is a measurement of the returns earned in excess of that which could have been earned on an investment that has no diversifiable risk (e. g. Treasury Bills or a comple tely diversified portfolio), per each unit of market risk assumed. The Treynor measure is similar to the Sharpe measure, but the Treynor measure uses the portfolios beta instead of the portfolios standard deviation. The Treynor measure is calculated as follows (rp rf) / ? p In this equation, rp = the average return on the portfolio, rf = the average risk-free rate, and ? p = the weighted average beta of the portfolio. The Treynor measure is found by dividing the portfolio risk premium by the portfolio risk as measured by the beta. An assets Treynor measure in isolation also means little.It also must be measured against the markets Treynor measure, which is calculated by dividing the market risk premium, or the return on the market minus the risk-free rate by the beta of the market, which is 1. 0. If the assets Treynor measure is greater than the markets Treynor measure, the asset has outperformed on a risk-adjusted basis. Source Investopedia SECTION B strain QUESTIONS Question 1 O ne of the primary uses of PPP is in lessening the misleading effects of shifts in a national currency. This is particularly an issue when calculating a nations Gross Domestic Product (GDP).For example, if the riel falls in value to 80% of its value on the dollar, the GDP as expressed in US dollars will also drop to 80%. This does not accurately reflect the standard of living in that country (a common use of GDP), however, because the devaluation of the riel is most likely due to international trade issues that will not yet have had any effect on the average Cambodian. By using purchasing power parity, however, one is not misled by the temporary devaluation of the riel in relation to the dollar a Big Mac still costs 9,000 riel in Cambodia and $3 USD in the US, and so the Big Mac index exchange rate system the same.Purchasing power parity is, of course, an imperfect device for determining things such as GDP, as the exchange rate will vary based on the basket item used for the index. This effect is lessened by looking at a large sample of commodities, rather than one or two, but this simply minimizes the problem rather than eliminating it entirely. It is also worth noting that PPP lumps items together into broad classes, not taking into account things such as quality a hat is a hat is a hat, and its value in the index remains static, even though a shoddy hats value on the international market would be much lower than a well-made hats value.According to reside rate parity the difference between the (risk free) interest rates paid on two currencies should be equal to the differences between the spot and forward rates. If interest rate parity is violated, then an arbitrage opportunity exists. The simplest example of this is what would happen if the forward rate was the same as the spot rate but the interest rates were different, then investors would 1. borrow in the currency with the lower rate 2. convert the cash at spot rates 3. enter into a forward contract t o convert the cash plus the expected interest at the same rate 4. nvest the money at the higher rate 5. convert back through the forward contract 6. repay the principal and the interest, knowing the latter will be less than the interest received. therefore, we can expect interest rate parity to apply. However, there is evidence of forward rate bias. Covered interest rate parity Assuming the arbitrage opportunity described above does not exist, then the relationship for US dollars and pounds sterling is (1 + r? )/(1+r$) = (? /$f)/(? /$s) where r? is the sterling interest rate (till the date of the forward), r$ is the dollar interest rate, /$f is the forward sterling to dollar rate, ?/$s is the spot sterling to dollar rate Unless interest rates are very high or the period considered is long, this is a very good approximation r? = r$ + f where f is the forward premium (? /$f)/(? /$s) -1 The above relationship is derived from assuming that covered interest arbitrage opportunities shoul d not last, and is therefore called covered interest rate parity. Uncovered interest rate parity Assuming uncovered interest arbitrage leads us to a slightly different relationship r = r2 + E? S where E? S is the expected change is exchange rates.This is called uncovered interest rate parity. As the forward rate will be the market expectation of the change in rates, this is equivalent to covered interest rate parity unless one is speculating on market expectations being wrong. The evidence on uncovered interest rate parity is mixed. The effect proposes that if the real interest rate is equal to the nominal interest rate minus the expected inflation rate, and if the rea interest rate were to be held constant, that the nominal rate and the inflation rate have to be adjusted on a one-for-one basis. Real interest rate = nominal interest rate inflation rate.In simple terms an increase in inflation will result in an increase in the nominal interest rate. For example, if the real interes t rate is held at a constant 5. 5% and inflation increased from 2% to 3%, the black cat Effect indicates that the nominal interest rate would have to increase from 7. 5% (5. 5% real rate + 2% inflation rate) to 8. 5% (5. 5% real rate + 3% inflation rate). International Fisher Effect theory that the currency of a nation with a comparatively higher interest rate will depreciate in value in comparison to the currency of a nation with a comparatively lower interest rate.It further implies that the conclusion of depreciation will be equal to the difference in interest rates in those two nations. It is based on the observation that the level of real interest rate in an economy is closely linked to the level of local inflation rate and is independent of a governments monetary policies. Thus, in general, the higher the inflation rate, the lower the value of currency. Source Investopedia Question 2 Firstly, Comparative advantage was first described by Robert Torrens in 1815 in an essay on the Corn Laws.He concluded it was to Englands advantage to trade with Portugal in return for grain, even though it might be possible to produce that grain more cheaply in England than Portugal. However, the concept is usually attributed to David Ricardo who explained it in his 1817 book On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation in an example involving England and Portugal. In Portugal it is possible to produce both wine and cloth with less labor than it would take to produce the same quantities in England. However the relative costs of producing those two goods are different in the two countries.In England it is very hard to produce wine, and only moderately difficult to produce cloth. In Portugal both are easy to produce. Therefore while it is cheaper to produce cloth in Portugal than England, it is cheaper still for Portugal to produce excess wine, and trade that for English cloth. Conversely England benefits from this trade because its cost for producing cloth has not c hanged but it can now get wine at a lower price, closer to the cost of cloth. The conclusion drawn is that each country can gain by specializing in the good where it has comparative advantage, and trading that good for the other.Example Two men live alone on an isolated island. To survive they must undertake a few basic economic activities like water carrying, fishing, cooking and shelter construction and maintenance. The first man is young, strong, and educated. He is also faster, better, and more productive at everything. He has an absolute advantage in all activities. The second man is old, weak, and uneducated. He has an absolute disadvantage in all economic activities. In some activities the difference between the two is great in others it is small.Despite the fact that the younger man has absolute advantage in all activities, it is not in the interest of either of them to work in isolation since they both can benefit from specialization and exchange. If the two men divide the work according to comparative advantage then the young man will specialize in tasks at which he is most productive, while the older man will concentrate on tasks where his productivity is only a little less than that of the young man. Such an arrangement will increase total production for a given amount of labor supplied by both men and it will benefit both of them.Imperfect market refers to a type ofmarket that does not operate under the rigid rules of perfect competition. Perfect competition implies an industry or market in which no one supplier can influence prices, barriers to entry and exit are small, all suppliers offer the same goods, there are a large number of suppliers and buyers, and information on pricing and process is readily available. Forms of imperfect competition include monopoly, oligopoly, monopolistic competition, monopsony and oligopsony. Thirdly, a product life round refers to the time period between the launch of a product into the market till it is finally withdrawn.In a nut shell, product life cycle or PLC is an odyssey from new and innovative to old and overaged This cycle is split into four different stages which encompass the products journey from its entry to exit from the market. The product life cycle theory is used to comprehend and analyze various maturity stages of products and industries. Product innovation and diffusion influence long-term patterns of international trade. This term product life cycle was used for the first time in 1965, by Theodore Levitt in an Harvard Business Review article Exploit the Product Life Cycle. Anything that satisfies a consumers need is called a product.It may be a tangible product (clothes, crockery, cars, house, and gadgets) or an intangible service (banking, health care, hotel service, airline service). Irrespective of the kind of product, all products introduced into the market undergo a common life cycle. To understand what this product life cycle theory is all about, let us have a quick look at its definition. This cycle is based on the all familiar biological life cycle, wherein a seed is planted (introduction stage), germinates (growth stage), sends out roots in the ground and shoots with branches and leaves against gravity, thereby maturing into an mature (maturity stage).As the plant lives its life and nears old age, it shrivels up, shrinks and dies out ( surrender stage). Similarly, a product also has a life cycle of its own. A products entry or entryway phase into the market corresponds to the introduction stage. As the product gains popularity and wins the trust of consumers it begins to grow. Further, with increasing sales, the product captures enough market share and gets stable in the market. This is called the maturity stage. However, after some time, the product gets overpowered by latest technological developments and entry of superior competitors in the market.Soon the product becomes obsolete and needs to be withdrawn from the market. This is the decline phase. This was the crux of a product life cycle theory and the graph of a products life cycle looks like a bell-shaped curve. Let us delve more into this management theory. Source Buzzle Question 3 Belize Costa Rica Earnings before taxes 1,000,000. 00 1,500,000. 0 corporate income tax Rate 0. 4 0. 3 Tax 400,000. 00 450,000. 00 Earnings after taxes 600,000. 00 1,050,000. 00 300,000. 0 525,000. 00 Dividend wtax rate 0. 1 0 Dividend wtax amount 30,000. 00 0 Remitted amount after wtax 270,000. 00 525,000. 0 Current US collective income tax rate 5% Dividend received by US parent after US Corporate tax 26,2500. 00 Net Dividend Received 270,000. 0 498,750. 00 tally Earning before tax 250,000. 00 Total Dividend received by Gramboa 768,750. 0 Total Tax paid 906,250. 00 Overall effective taxrate 36. 35% Question 4 Option 1 No HedgingAssume that the expected spot rate in 90 Days is indeed $1. 7850/?. Now a) 90 days pu tX = 1. 75P = 0. 015 b) 90 daysX = 1. 71P = 0. 01 3 months laterExercise Option (a) Received = (1. 75 0. 015) * 3mil = $5,205,000. 00 Answer Do Not exercise Option 2 Forward Hedge profane a forward hedge at 90 Days forward rate at $1. 7550/? Now enter F 1,755 Money receivable in $ = 1. 755 x 3m = $5. 265m Option 3 Money Market Hedge 1) Day 1 Borrow ? , Amount borrowed = ? (3m / (1 + (14/4) /100)) = ? 2,898,550. 00 2) Day 1 Convert all ? to $ = $1. 762 x 2,898,550. 00 = $5,107,246. 00 Option 1 Put $5,107,246. 0 to US bank 6% Option 2 Use $5,107,246. 00 as capital investment 3 months laterOption 1 Received ? 3 mil to pay ? 3 mil to British Bank Dollars in pocket = $5,107,246. 00 * (1+6%* 3/12) = $5,183,854. 69 Option 2 Received ? 3 mil to pay ? 3 mil to bank $5,107,246. 00 (1+12%*3/12) = $5,260,463. 00 Conclusion Money market is the scoop option as the money received is more than Put option hedge. Forward hedge resulted in receiving more than money market hedge wheras no hedg ing is assuming that the expected spot rate is reached but that is leaving it to chance. END OF ASSIGNMENT