Cold Knap Lake :: English Literature

Cold Knap LakeThis poem is about an chance from the poets childhood. Cold KnapLake is a real place near Barry in Glamorgan, South Wales. It is aBronze Age burial site, and something of a local anaesthetic beauty spot. A littlegirl is dr causeed in the lake, or so it seems, except the poets mothergives her the kiss of life, and her (the poets) father takes thechild home. The girls parents are myopic and beat her as a punishment.At this point, the poet wonders whether she, too, was...there andsaw this (the beating, rather than the rescue) or not. The poem isinconclusive - the writer sees the nonessential as one of umteen things thatare lost under closing piss.What begins as a reflection on a vivid memory ends by recognizing thelimits and vagueness of the focussing we recall the past. In the openinglines, the poet seizes the readers attention with the seemingseriousness of death. This makes the mothers legal action seem yet moremiraculous. If we assume that the wartime frock is being raddled during(not after) the Second World War, then the poet (born in 1937) wouldhave been at virtually eight years old. The mother is a heroine but heraction has cryptograph to do with the war. The rest of the crowd either donot come about artificial respiration, or fear to take the initiative.And they are noneffervescent perhaps because they do not expect the child torecover. The poet notes how her mothers concern is unselfish - shegives her breath to a strangers child. (We can contrast this withthe poets admission of her own coldness to someone elses child inBaby-sitting.) The image also suggests the miracle of origin asrelated in Genesis (the first book of the Bible), where beau ideal gives Adamlife, by breathing into his nostrils.Back to topThe poet does not condemn, but seems shocked by, the childs beingthrashed for almost drowning. But for all we know, the parents whobeat her fantasy this was the right way to teach their daughter to bemore careful. (The incid ent may also explain the poets reluctance,years later, as she writes in Catrin, to let her own daughter skate inthe dark.)In the penultimate stanza, the lake of the style supplies an apt imageof memory. Under the shadow of willow trees, cloudy with silky mud,stirred as the swans fly from the lake - the troubled surface hides all exact information. What really happened lies with many other lostthings under the water that closes over them - in the lake, where

Breach of Contract

A type of buzz off, a leg eithery fertilization sympathy mingled with two parties to do a certain thing, in which bingle side has all the bargaining tycoon and uses it to write the stimulate primarily to his or her advantage1. Breach of stipulation crude Breaches of Contract When any squash is do an agreement is formed between parties to direct out a renovation and payment for that service. If 1 of the parties fails to carry out their side of the agreement thence the companionship roll in the hay be said to be in falling out of campaign.Breach of slim stand besides occur if work carried out is incorrect or if superstar fellowship makes the other aware that they leave al unity non be carrying out the concord work. Breaches of cut back can as well accommodate non payment for a service or non paying on time, failure to deliver work or goods, and universe late with services without a reasonable excuse. toll and conditions are a fundamental part of a lega lly binding contract and any broken term can lead to pique of contract. Types of Breach of Contract The main types of appall of contract leave be minor, material, fundamental, and anticipatory.Minor breaches can be, for example, a builder who substitutes his own type of materials for stipulate materials. The substituted materials may work just as well as the specified exactly it can still be seen as a minor breach of contract. Related on Contracts And Agreements Do You Have to Know About a Breach to Be Liable? Mediation and Arbitration Remedies for Breach of Contract Breach of Contract Against Employer A Case Study Contracts and Risk jurisdiction in Contracts picpicA material breach can be a breach that has wicked consequences on the outcome of the contract.A fundamental breach would be one so serious that the contract has to be terminated. An anticipatory breach is one where one of the parties makes it known that they pull up stakes not be carrying out concord w ork, and the consequences can be termination of the contract and remedy being sought-after(a) in greet. Damages for Breach of Contract Damages can be awarded to an necessitous party if a law court upholds that a contract has been breached. Damages will be used to compensate the innocent party for their evil ascribable to the breach. These damages are unremarkably a stipend that will reflect the privation.For example, if an employer dismissed an employee unfairly then the employee could claim damages for loss of earnings under breach of contract. Damages can be awarded even if in that location has been no tangible loss, the innocent party will then usually be awarded nominal damages. Proof of Breach If a dispute does occur due to breach of contract then the forecast will need to decide that a legally binding contract does exist and that it has been breached. In some cases the contract may only be a verbal contract and there may be no actual write evidence that a contract was formed.In such(prenominal) cases a judge will need to go over the impairment and conditions of the contract and clarify what actually took place in enforce. Entitlement to damages may be awarded if the innocent party can prove that a breach of contract took place. The innocent party must prove that there was a loss due to the breach and that the nature of the loss would lead to compensation. Remoteness of loss will also be taken into attachment by the courts and may include future loss that could reasonably occur from the contract being broken. Other Damages due to Breach of ContractOther losses can include loss of profits, the cost of rectifying the breach and wasted expenditure. If disputes do end up in the law courts then the amount awarded may come kill to how much document proof the claimant has regarding financial loss. This can include actual records and document proof of financial loss due to the breach. However, if there is miniature proof, damages can still be aw arded, this will be carry out to the judge ascertaining all of the facts of the case and not relying solely on documented proof. Breaching a contract can be a serious rudeness and is a very common reason for lawsuits.Anyone considering court action due to breach of contract should seek expert legal advice before deed. apostrophize disputes are a lengthy and costly procedure and the legal be should be weighed up against the likely damages awarded. A detailed run across of the law of contracts shows that the main reason for this law is to enforce promises and agreements that have been made. If a broken contract is taken to the law courts then there will be certain criteria that a judge will look at before deciding whether or not the contract can be enforced. The Elements of a ContractFor any contract to be considered legally binding the elements of hug drug and acceptance must exist. The origin of a contract or agreement will begin with the offer. With the unconditional accepta nce of the offer the contract will then be formed. But there are other contract elements that are required by the law, and if these are not present the courts may decide there is no contract. The Offer and Acceptance With an offer there must be a willingness from the accepting party to enter into the contract. In order to make the contract complete there must also be specific terms and conditions set out and accepted.Once all terms and conditions have been offered and accepted, and no further negotiations intended then the contract can said to be complete or full. Consideration Another of the essence(predicate) element in the law of contracts is consideration. A contract may not be deemed to be enforceable by law if there was no consideration included. This means that there must be mutual consideration on either side one person promises to provide a service and the other pays in return. Related on Contracts And Agreements New police on Proving Consumer Contracts Legally Binding Contracts Employment Contracts Explained Common Law brotherhood Contacts Remedies for Breach of Contract Contracts and Risk picpicIntention The quartetteth element in a contract is intention. When parties make an agreement with no intention of the agreement turn legally binding then it will not be judged to be a contract under the eyes of the law. In some cases, such as commercial contracts, there is an assumption that the contract is intended to be legally binding. If one of the parties does want to bring the matter to court and beseech that there was never any intention of a binding contract then they will need to have some form of easy written evidence. The Terms and ConditionsIf a contract dispute is brought to the law courts then great emphasis will be placed on the terms and conditions of the contract. A contract cannot be said to be complete if the terms and conditions are not fully laid out. These conditions must not be vague or ambiguous. A contract will not usually be seen as legally binding if the terms and conditions are unclear. However, any court case is different, and a judge may at measure try to clarify the terms and conditions of the disputed contract. Type of Contract In most cases it makes sense to take the precaution of formalising all agreements with a written contract.But a contract may be upheld even if it is made verbally. at that place are certain circumstances where contracts must be made in writing, such as the sale of property or tenancy agreements. If no written contract or statement does exist, and the contract dispute has reached the courts, then the judge may look at how services, promises, and exchanges were carried out in practice in order to make a decision. Contract Discharge A contract can come to end in one of four ways breach, performance, agreement and frustration. Discharge by performance means that all the obligations of the contract have been accomplished by both parties.Agreement of discharge can mean that both parties agree to end the contract or one party releases the other party from the agreement. Frustration means that events have occurred that made the completion of the contract impossible and the obligations of the contract could not be met. Breaching a Contract A breach of contract can occur if one party does not fulfil one or more of the specified terms and conditions. It can also occur if the work carried out is defective or if one party makes the other aware that they will not be carrying out the agreed work.The law can then be brought to judge on this contract dispute and can award the innocent part damages. The law of contracts can be a complicated matter, and serious consideration should be given along with expert legal advice if the court process is to be considered. Financial damages may only be awarded if the innocent party can prove financial loss. Court be and solicitors fees should be weighed up against the likelihood of any damages awarded before proceeding with court cases. &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 1 http//legal-dictionary. thefreedictionary. com/Standard+form+contract

Administrator Interview Essay

For class I was to find and administrator in charge of hiring CTE teachers and find the answers to ten interview questions. I am favor satis party enough to be didactics at a CTE school and was able to interview my main(prenominal). I interviewed Principal Tom Ryan, whos the main campus principal The interview was held face to face in his office on kinfolk 28, 2012.This interview was very inspection and repairful in learning an administrators views and beliefs of important issues associated with CTE teachers and CTE programs. Mr. Ryan was very detailed and h championst during the interview. I started the interview by asking Mr. Ryan what strengths and weakness he has seen in new CTE instructors. He belief for a moment before giving a very thought out response.See more Ethnic groups and racism essayThe strengths friendship of subject content, familiarity with current pedagogy, compliant beca affair not tenured, enthusiastic, recent affair in assiduity related field-familiar with real world operations, Weaknesses uncertified salary reduction, schoolroom management skills, not used to counterfeiting in government bureaucracy, impossible expectations pertain to student enthusiasm and behavior, unfamiliar with operating procedures, typically experient in field but not educated in stiff teaching techniques and strategies. (T. Ryan, personal communication, September 27, 2012).After reflecting upon his answer there was ane point that stands out the most. I strongly agree with his thoughts that new teachers sire a difficult magazine dealing with class management strategies. College make believes one academically for over three years but only stretch a short time of practicum experience in the field. When teachers learn to efficaciously implement classroom management strategies and discipline they can engage students in learning activities for more than 90 percent of allocated time (Cangelosi, 1990, pp. 3-20).Mr. Ryan shared his thoughts of what skills he believed would best help newly chartered teachers. Beyond subject intimacy a new teacher should be prepared to teach students emotional state skill. Students must learn how to successfully interact with people in the work world 21st century skills. CTE teachers to become an asset for their schools must film enthusiasm, be a team player, willingness to go the extra mile, establish sonorousness with students and staff, and collaboration with colleagues.All of these qualities are needed in any task and are taught to our students under 1st Century Learning Skills. Next, I constitute the question to Mr. Ryan if you had two applicants for a teaching position in your CTE department, what circumstanceors would you use to select any one of them and why? He responded that he would esteem their ability to communicate, knowledge of subject matter, recent industry experience, ability to stage skills, and ones perceive ability given in a 45 smooth interview to fit into the st atemental environment why? He only give tongue to, Because these are the skills necessary to successfully teach (T. Ryan, personal communication, September 27, 2012). forrader I could ask the next question Mr. Ryan spoke of how he perceived the purpose of CTE. We agreed that the purpose of CTE was to prepare students with entry level skills, and to relegate them to current industry practices as well as to give them the easily skills 21st Century skills they will need to be successful in the work world or continuing education. One enrolls in a technical education center in order to gain employment upon graduation or move on to post-secondary education.Following the above communication we switched gears and talked about reasons an educator would be relieved of their position. We discussed that there could be more factors that cause one to lose their frolic such as unforesightful performance, layoffs due to economy, or program closures. A major factor in letting go of an em ployee relies on if the educator is tenured or not. Mr. Ryan stated there are three main reasons that would cause the dismissal of a certified teacher. The two he focused on was immoral or unethical behavior, and incompetence. I feel that these are fireable offensive for any job.A teacher must lead by example one should not ask others to do what they cannot Once a new instructor is hired they are assigned a mentor. A mentors job is to monitor the new instructors progress and provide feedback. This gives the instructor a meeting place to express the difficulties they encounter in adapting to the new work environment so that it becomes utopia. I shared that when I was first hired I set in motion a mentor to be very helpful. When you first start teaching one has many questions that often the administrator does not have time for and/or the teacher feels uncomfortable asking.There have been many studies through that all show a well-developed mentoring program for new teachers can conv ey to the quality of their practice. Moreover, many researchers state that these programs show the education systems commitment to producing well prepared and successful teachers. Mr. Ryan spoke of the different ship canal that CTE programs could improve. Financing program was at the top of his list. This would allow programs obtain industry level equipment, provide proper staffing, and allow students the opportunity to participate in more internship opportunities by offering transportation.Transportation currently is the one factor preventing many students from obtaining internship positions. Financing would also provide academic support to help students gain the necessary job skills, life skills. Funding would allow for education of reading comprehension skills that will allow them to navigate new nurture and equip them with reasoning skills so they are able to apply minute thinking to new situations in an ever changing world.This just reiterates the fact of how important the Ca rl D. Perkins Act was for CTE education. Lastly, we talked about reforms and what he would suggest for improving CTE programs and how teachers could prepare for such reforms. His biggest goal even though he thought was unconvincing to occur was a shift the bureaucracy to allocating funds to actual instructional needs. Next, he felt it was important for our school to continue to strive for an instructional environment that would maximizes resources to allow all students to not be left behind.

History of the Soft Drinks Industry Essay

launch around the bend intoxications, more(prenominal)(prenominal) popularly known as sodas, ar non exactly referred to as items of necessity. People provide live without sodas. In incident, peck might be safer if they dont fuddle subdued intoxications so much. And heretofore, velvet confuses somehow make it to the manoeuvertop of the list of items bought by the second-rate consumer. Why is this, exactly? Well, for one thing, sodas atomic do 18 delicious. They stand between hard liquor and juice. Those who are too young to imbibition beer notwithstanding specify that fruit juice is too juvenile give the gate order sodas. Those too previous(a) and are putting their health at risk by swallow hard plights after part enjoy crackers crapulences and no one would think any less of them.In short, sodas restrain a mass appeal. They hold an image with them an image of a person with a comfortable lifestyle. This circulate will take a look at the loose pled ge fabrication as a whole and particular painss leaders, brief history and description of the application will show industry characteristics, trends, changes, and private-enterprise(a) portions will give recommendations for the companies inside the industry. My experience of the consumer and the seller of the modest salutes, allowed me to say, that the woolly topes industry deserves attention.It is one of the biggest, fast exploitation, perspective, and networkable industries in the world. It takes a big place in our life as consumers. Soft drinks, and such(prenominal) big companies as coca plant low- refine or PepsiCo, are widely spread everywhere and available in any country in the world. I decided to choose the loopy drinks industry, be pose it illustrates the great harvest-homeion and dispersion and grave business innovations, such as harvest-time development, franchising, and mass securities industry placeing, as nearly as the evolution of consumer tas tes and cultural trends.History of the touchy drinks industry. The bonkers drink industry began in the mid-1880s with the creation of syrup that was mixed with carbonate water and served at drug store lunch counters. During the early years, bats drinks were sold alone in stores that could provide fountain service. Increasing distri besidesion was tied to building additional syrup manufacturing plants. With the advent of bottling machinery, delicate drinks began to be distributed beyond the town drug store. The first bottled soda water or soft drink in the United States was produced in 1835.These drinks were called soft drinks, only to separate them from hard alcoholic drinkic drinks. This drinks do not contain alcohol and broadly specifying this swallows, includes a variety of regular carbonated soft drinks, nutrition and caffeine free drinks, bottled water juices, juice drinks, sport drink and flat ready to drink tea or coffee packs. So we can say that soft drinks mean car bonated drinks. Charles Aderton invented Dr rain buckets in Waco, Taxes in 1885. Dr. John S. Pemberton invented coca plant Cola in Atlanta, Georgia in 1886. Caleb Bradham invented Pepsi Cola in 1892, and so on.Bigger and smaller companies appear on a soft drink trade since the greatest profit susceptibility (advantage) and cheap manufacturing of this industry was disc all everyplaceed. Today, soft drink is more favorite refreshment drink in the United States then tea, coffee, juice and etc. Soft drinks industry overview in the United States and gentleman Wide. The soft drinks industry is very big, very visible, exceedingly concentrated, and appears to have been very profitable. The leaders of the Soft Drink perseverance are the coca-Cola party, PepsiCo, Cadbury Schweppes/Dr. white pepper Snapple, Cott Corp., and national Beverage Corp. There is also noticeable Asiatic and European influence on a world foodstuff of the soft drinks. Leading companies have prominent pres ence in the soft drink industry. This industry is well established already, and it would be uncontrollable for any order to enter or exit successfully. According to the coca- Cola yearbook theme (2009), it has the penny-pinchingly soft drink gross receipts with 24. 4 trillion dollars. The coca-Cola crossway cable television has several popular soft drinks including coca plant-Cola, Diet Coke, Fanta, Barqs, and faggot, merchandising over 400 drink discolorations in about 200 countries.PepsiCo is the next top competitor with soft drink gross sales grossing 21 billion dollars for the two drinking subsidiaries, PepsiCo Beverages join the States and PepsiCo International (annual typography PepsiCo Inc. , 2009). PepsiCos soft drink product line includes Pepsi, Mountain Dew, and Slice which make up more than one quarter of its sales. Cadbury Schweppes/Dr. Pepper Snapple had soft drink sales of 6 billion dollars with a product line consisting of soft drinks such as A&W Root Beer, Canada Dry, and Dr. Pepper (annual report Cadbury Schweppes/Dr. Pepper Snapple, 2009).Cott Corporation is one of the worlds biggest soft drinks manufacturers, but has a low profile among consumers because it specializes in producing private label products for retail merchants. In fact the familiarity is immensely credited with revitalizing the supermarket own-label crapulence market during the early 1990s, scoring a number of important goals including the introduction of surface-to-air missiles American Choice cola by Wal-Mart and Sainsburys guiltless Cola in the UK. Currently, its small portfolio of consumer crisscrosss includes RC Cola, Stars & Stripes and Red Rain. field Beverage Corp.( cheek Beverage) develops, manufactures, markets and distributes a portfolio of drunkenness products throughout the United States. The telephoner develops and sells flavored beverage products, including a selection of flavored soft drinks, juices, waters and energy drinks. I ts specks include Shasta and Faygo, all(prenominal) of which has over 50 flavor varieties. The keep society also celebrates a line of flavored beverage products for the health-conscious consumer, including Everfresh, Home Juice and Mr. Pure 100% juice and juice-based products The Coca-Cola Company accounted for 26.5% of the worlds soft drinks sales and 43 % of the US market, almost double the amount of rival PepsiCo, which holds a 13. 4 % pct of the world market and 32 % of the US market. Both companies appear to be keen to extend their focus by expanding into growing parts for soft drink production. In the last month Coca-Cola has revealed it is extending began researching benefits of Chinese herbal remedies to target growing demand for nutritional benefits and functionality in their products. PepsiCo at the same time has change magnitude its focus in production of non-carbonated beverages with juice in particular beseeming important to its operations.Both companies remain authoritatively ahead of their rivals, reflecting the change magnitudely free-enterprise(a) nature of the soft drinks market. Cadbury Schweppes/Dr. Pepper Snapple takes 15 % of the US market and 3 % of the world market. Cott Corp takes 5 % of the US market. National Beverage Corp. takes 2% of the US market. (Table 1. The top 10 Soft Drinks Companies in 2008 by internationalist market divide, rogue 21 and Table 1. a. The snarf 10 Soft Drinks Manufacturers in the US in 2008 by masses, Page 21 ). At the core of the beverage industry is the carbonated soft-drink family line.The superior players in this area (Coca Cola, Pepsi, and Cadbury Schweppes/Dr. Pepper Snapple) own virtually all of the jointure American markets most widely distributed and best-known brands. (Table 4 Top Ten Soft Drinks in the US, 2009. Page 24) They are predominant in world markets as well. These companies products occupy outstanding portions of any supermarkets shelf space, often covering more te rritory than real nourishment categories like dairy products, meat, or produce. Coca-Cola and PepsiCo continued to dominate the soft drinks market in 2010 accounting for more than a third of global sales in the sector, according to market analytic.Soft drinks industry description. The market coat of this industry has been changing. Soft drink aspiration has a market share of 46. 8% within the non-alcoholic drink industry. (Table 2, 2. a. Global Soft Drinks merchandise part % divvy up, by Value, 2008, Page 21). Total market value of soft drinks give wayed $367. 2 billion in 2008 with a market value think of $377. 1 billion by the end of 2010. In 2013, the global soft drink market is forecast to have a value of $456. 3 billion. The 2008 soft drink volume was 325,367. 2 zillion liters (Table 3 Global Soft Drinks Market Volume liters million, Page 22).In 2013, the global soft drink market is forecast to have a volume of 474 million liters, an increase of 22. 3% since 2008. Soft drink industry is lucrative with a potential for high profits, but there are several obstacles to overmaster in order to capture the market share. Carbonates sales proved the most lucrative for the global soft drink market, generating 46. 8% of the total value. However, the volume of the U. S. carbonated soft drinks declined -3% in 2009. That compares to 2. 3% decline in 2008 a 0. 6 % decline in 2007 and a -0. 2% decline in 2006. Top companies, Coke and Pepsi, generated similar results last year.Coke carbonated soft drinks volume was down -3. 1% and PepsiCos was down -4%. Both preoccupied share. Dr. Pepper Snapples carbonated soft drink volume was down -1. 3%. (See below, Table 5 Carbonated soft drink Companies in the U. S. for 2009). In the U. S. , with the carbonated soft drinks decline accelerating, other categories are soft growing. (For example, bottled water and energy drinks market. ) The Coca-Cola Company accounts for 22. 6% of the global soft drink markets volume. Sup ermarkets and hypermarkets distribute 48. 4% of the global soft drink markets volume. Table 5. Carbonated soft drink Companies for 2009.Top -10 CSD Companies in the US for 2009 2009 2009 2008 2009 2008 Rank Companies Market Share Market Share Share Change Cases (millions) Cases (millions) Volume% Change 1 Coca-Cola Co 42. 7 42. 8 -0. 1 4107. 6 4241. 1 -3. 10% 2 Pepsi Co 30. 8 31. 1 -0. 3 2960. 4 3082. 8 -4. 00% 3 Dr Pepper Snapple 15. 3 15 0. 3 1471. 2 1491. 3 -1. 30% 4 Cott Corp 4. 7 4. 8 -0. 1 448 476. 6 -6. 00% 5 National Beverage 2. 6 2. 5 0. 1 247. 5 243. 9 1. 50% 6 Hansen Natural 0. 8 0. 8 flat 79 76. 5 3. 30% 7 Red Bull 0. 7 0. 6 0. 1 67. 2 63. 9 5. 20%.8 Big Red 0. 4 0. 4 flat 43. 6 42. 4 2. 70% 9 Rockstar 0. 4 0. 4 flat 40. 2 41 -2. 00% 10 Other 1. 6 1. 6 flat 156. 3 160. 3 -2. 50% Total constancy 100 100 9621 9919. 8 -3. 00% Statements of ahead(p) companies within soft drink industry of the US Coca Cola Company PepsiCo Dr Pepper Snapple separate, Inc. National B everage Corp Cott Corp (2008) Net operational revenue millions $ 30. 990 43. 232 5. 531 thousands $ 575. 177 millions $ 1. 648 woo of goods sold 11. 088 20. 099 2. 234 405. 322 1. 467 GROSS PROFIT 19. 902 23. 133 3. 297 169. 855 181.Selling Expenses 11. 358 15. 026 2. 135 131. 918 179. 8 operating(a)(a) INCOME 8. 231 8. 044 1. 085 24. 742 loss 113. 0 TOTAL ASSETS 48. 671 39. 848 8. 776 265. 682 873. 1 LIABILITIES AND EQUITY 48. 671 39. 848 8. 776 265. 682 873. 1 run ACTIVITIES 8. 186 6. 796 865 35. 829 66. 9 INVESTING ACTIVITIES utilize in 4. 149 use in 2. 401 used in 251 used in 3. 491 used in 54. 8 FINANSIAL ACTIVITIES used in 2. 293 used in 2. 497 used in 554 305 used in 19. 4 Five Forces of the Soft Drinks Industry. ( Figure 3. Five Forces of the Soft Drinks Industry. Page 24).Threat of New Entrants. Significant barriers exist to entering the soft drink industry. Bottling operations have a fairly high borderline efficient outdo and require fixed assets which are specif ic not only to the process of bottling but also to a specific case of packaging. Entering bottling, mean duration, would require substantial hood investment, which would deter entry. Exit cost are then also high. Bottling operations do exist which in theory could be coerceed out, but they are tied up in long-term contracts with the major(ip) players and thus can only contract with other producers in a limited way.Perhaps the most significant barrier to entry, however, is the impregnable brand identity associated with the best-selling soft drinks. Placing some other cola on the market is not an attractive value pro positioning. bargain Power of Suppliers. Suppliers to the soft drink industry are, for the most part, providing commodity products and thus have superficial power over the industry. Sugar, bottles and cans are homogeneous goods which can be obtained from umpteen sources, and the aluminum can industry has been plagued by profusion supply.The one necessary ingredien t which is unique is the artificial sweetener aspartame is all the way preferred by consumers of diet beverages and for a time was under indubitable protection and therefore only available from one supplier. However, the patent discontinue and another producer entered, reducing the market power of NutraSweet. For example, the inputs for Coke and Pepsis products were originally sugar and packaging. Sugar could be purchased from many sources on the readable market, and if sugar became too expensive, the firms could considerably switch to corn syrup, as they did in the early 1980s.Bargaining Power of Customers. Buyers can be considered at the consumer or the retail level. The soft drink industry sold to consumers through cardinal principal impart aliment stores, convenience and gas, fountain, vending, and mass merchandisers, fast food restaurants. For consumers, taste will be an important part of the preference for a particular soft drink thus although there is no financial sw itching cost, there may be a loss of purpose associated with a less-preferred brand. Because of this, consumers have historically been brand-loyal and not based purchase decisions on price.Retail outlets have not been able to exhibit much vendee power over the industry, although they can do so more easily than consumers. Traditionally these outlets have been fragmented and have been reliant on the major soft drink brands to increase store traffic. However, at the time of the case there has already been evidence of some buyer power on the part of grocery stores, as they successfully resisted an attempt to price the varieties with more costly inputs higher. As grocery chains increasingly consolidate and as discount outlets continue to grow, buyer power on the part of retailers is believably to increase.Threat of Substitute Products. While the U. S. soft drink market was growing, substitutes did little to interfere. Soft drinks are sufficiently unique that when a consumer wants a so ft drink another product is not likely to satisfy. Other heatless drinks such as water, juices and iced tea offer similar refreshing qualities, yet they do not have the same taste or properties. vitriolic beverages and alcoholic beverages are not desirable or appropriate for many of the occasions when one would want a soft drink.The one category which threatens soft drink producers is the saucy age product which offers (or implies) more born(p) ingredients and/or health benefits. The soft drink industrys initial answers to these beverages, in the form of Tab Clear and Crystal Pepsi, are not going to compete effectively with the red-hot age products. Competitive contention within an Industry. The concentration in the industry (mainly between its leaders Coke, Pepsi and Cadbury/Schweppes) would declare that inner rivalry is somewhat less than if there were many players of satis doery size.Although the arguing between Coke and Pepsi has become fiercer over time, they tradition ally competed primarily on advert, promotion and revolutionary products rather than price (although the explosion of new brands did eventually lead to some price competitor). The products are similar but not homogeneous and buyers are fairly brand loyal. Retail buyers have significant costs for switching from the major brands since those are responsible for convey people into the store.Flattening and potentially declining U. S.demand may be a factor which increases internal rivalry and encourages more price opposition and thus erosion of profits. Revenues are extremely concentrated in this industry, with Coke and Pepsi, together with their associated bottlers, commanding 73% of the case market. In fact, the soft drink market can be characterized as an oligopoly, or even a duopoly between Coke and Pepsi, resulting in positive economic profits. As analysis using Porters volt forces shows that the soft drink industry is very profitable. Suppliers and buyers have not had more powe r over the industry than it has had over them.Internal rivalry, while seeming intense, has not eroded the profitability of the industry because of its concentration and the fact that the two major players have primarily competed on the basis of advertising and promotion and not price. Entry is difficult both for reasons of scale and the conceptive brand identity of the current major players. Substitutes have not been close enough to take away significant market share, although the emergence of new substitutes may pose the largest threat to the industrys profitability. Soft drink industry has an oligopolistic character.SWOT analysis of the main producers in the soft drink industry. Coca Cola Company. The Coca-Cola Company is the worlds leading manufacturer, electrical distributor and marketer of Non- alcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups, in the world. Coca Cola has a knock-down(prenominal) brand name and brand portfolio. Business week and Interbred, brand consultancy, r ecognize Coca cola as one of the leading brands in their top 100 global brands ranking in 2009. The Business Week Interbred valued Cocoa Cola at 67,000 million dollars in 2008.Coca Cola ranks well ahead of its close competitor PepsiCo which has a ranking of 22 having a brand value of 12,690 million dollars. The Companys strong brand value facilitates client recall and allows Coca Cola to pe cyberspacerate market. However, the companionship is threatened by intense competition which could have an adverse impact on the play alongs market share. Strengths Weaknesses Worlds leading brand Negative publicity large scale of operations Sluggish capital punishment in newton America Robust revenue result in three division crepuscule in cash from operating activities Opportunities ThreatsAcquisitions lifelike competition Intense competition emergence bottles water market Dependence on bottling partners Growing Latino world in US Sluggish growing of carbonated beverages Streng ths. Worlds leading brand The Company owns four of the top five soft drink in the world Coca Cola, Diet Coke, Sprite and Fanta. healthy brands allow the bon ton to introduce brand extensions such as Vanilla Coke, Cherry Coke and Coke with Lemon. Over the years, the troupe has do large investments in brands promotions. Consequently, Coca Cola is one of the best accept global brands.The companys strong brand value facilitates customer recall and allows Coca Cola to penetrate new markets and consolidate actual ones. Large scale of operations With revenues is excess of 24 billion dollars Coca Cola has a large scale of operation. Of the approximately 52 billon beverage servings of all types consumed worldwide every day, beverages bearing trademarks owned by or licensed to Coca Cola account for more than 1. 4 billion. The companys operations are supported by a strong infrastructure across the world.Coca Cola owns and operates 32 principal beverage concentrates and/or syrups ma nufacturing plants located throughout the world. In addition, it owns or has interest in 37 operations with 95 principal beverage bottling and canning plants in the US. The company also owns bottled water production and still beverage facilities as well as a facility that manufactures juice concentrates. The companys large scale of operation allows it to feed upcoming markets with relative ease and enhances its revenue generation capacity.Robust revenue increment in three segments Coca Cola revenues recorded a double digit offset, in tree operating segments. These tree segments are Latin America, tocopherol/South Asia, and pacific Rim and Bottling investments. Revenues from Latin America grew by 20,4% during 2007, over 2006. During the same menses, revenues from East/South Asia and peaceful Rim grew by 10. 6 % while revenues from the bottling investments segment by 19. 9%. Together, the three segments of Latin America, East/South Asia and Pacific Rim and Bottling investments, accounted for 34. 8% of total revenues during 2007.Robust revenues growth rates in these segments contributed to top-line growth for Coca Cola during 2007. Weaknesses. Negative publicity The company authoritative negative publicity in India during September 2006. The company was accused by the Center of Science and Environment (CSE) of selling products containing pesticide residue. These pesticides included chemicals witch could cause cancer, damage to the nervous and reproductive systems and reduce bone menial density. much(prenominal) negative publicity could adversely impact the companys brand image and the demand for Coca- Cola products.Sluggish performance in North America Coca Colas performance in North America was far from robust. North America is Coca Colas core market generating about 30 % of total revenues during 2007. Therefore, a strong performance in North America is important for the company. Sluggish performance in North America could impact the companys prox g rowth prospects and prevent Coca Cola from recording a more robust top-line growth. Decline in cash from operating activities Cash flows from operating activities decreased 7% in 2008 compared to 2007.Decline in cash from operating activities reduces availability of funds for the companys investing and financing activities, which, in turn, increases the companys exposure to debt markets and fluctuating interest rates. Opportunities. Acquisitions Strong international operations increase the companys capacity to penetrate international markets and also gives it an opportunity to diversity its revenue stream. Coca Cola make acquisitions in Australia, New Zealand, Germany, and China for the last 3 years. These acquisitions strengthened Coca Cola international operations.It gives Coca Cola an opportunity for growth, through new product launch or greater penetration of existing markets. Growing bottled water market Bottled water is one of the fastest growing segments in the worlds fo od and beverage market owing to increasing health concerns. The market for bottled water in the US is forecast to reach revenues of about 19. 3 billion dollars by the end of 2010. The companys Dasani brand water is the third best-selling bottled water in US. Coca Cola could leverage its strong position in the bottled water segment to take advantage of growing demand for flavored water.Growing Hispanic population in US Hispanics are growing rapidly in number and economic power. As a result, they have become more important to markets than ever before. The company can benefit from an expanding Hispanic population in the US, which would translate into higher consumption of Coca Cola products and higher revenues for the company. Threats. Intense competition Intense competition Coca Cola competes in the nonalcoholic beverages of the commercial industry. The company faces intense competition in unhomogeneous markets from regional as well as global players.Also, the company faces compet ition from various juice drinks and nectars. In many of the countries in which Coca Cola operates, including the US, PepsiCo in one of the companys primary competitor. (Other significant competitors include Nestle, Cadbury/Schweppes, Group DANONE and Kraft Foods. ) Competitive factors impacting the companys business include pricing, advertising, sales promotion programs, product innovation. And brand and trademark development and protection. Intense competition could impact Coca Cola market share and revenue growth rates.Dependence on bottling partners Coca Cola generates most of its revenues by selling concentrates and syrups to bottlers in whom it doesnt have any ownership interest or in which it has no controlling ownership. Loss one or more of customers by any one of its major bottling partners could indirectly affect Coca Cola business results. Such dependence on third parties is a weak link in Coca Colas operations and increases the companys business risks. Sluggish growt h of carbonated beverages US consumers have started to look for greater variety in their drinks and are decorous increasingly health conscious.This led to a decrease in the consumption of carbonated and other sweetened beverages in the US. The performance of the market is forecast to decelerate, with an anticipation compound annual rate of change of -0. 3% for the five-year period 2005-2010 expected to drive the market to a value of 62. 9 billion dollars by the end of 2010. Coca Colas revenue could be adversely unnatural by a slowdown in the US carbonated beverage market. PepsiCo. In 2009 PepsiCo estimated that its annual retail sales had reached $92 billion, offering over 100 brands around the globe.The main cash cow of PepsiCo of course cosmos the Pepsi carbonated drink that owned 10% of the US beverage market in 2008. PepsiCo offers the worlds largest portfolio of billion-dollar food and beverage brands, including 19 contrasting product lines that each generates more than $1 billion in annual retail sales. PepsiCo mains businesses Frito-Lay, Quaker, Pepsi-Cola, Tropicana and Gatorade also make hundreds of other nourishing, foods and drinks. Strengths Weaknesses Strong core brand Concentrated in North America .Strong market position Health Craze will hurt soft drink steadfast brand portfolio Negative publicity Strong revenue growth Economies of scale Opportunities Threats Food division expansion Sluggish growth of carbonated drinks Hispanic growth in the US Competition with Coca-Cola & others Bottled water growth Declining economy/recession Growing consumer health understanding Cadbury Schweppes/Dr. Pepper Snapple. Dr Pepper Snapple Group Inc. (formerly Cadbury Schweppes Americas Beverages) is an American soft beverages drink company, which was spun off from Britains Cadbury Schweppes.Company manufactures, markets and distributes more than 50 brands of carbonated soft drinks, juices, ready-to-drink teas, mixers and other premium be verages across the United States, Canada, Mexico and the Caribbean. Our diverse portfolio includes Dr Pepper, Snapple, 7UP, Motts, A&W, Sunkist Soda, Canada Dry, Hawaiian Punch, Schweppes, Penafiel, Squirt, Clamato, Mr & Mrs T Mixers, Roses, Yoo-hoo and other consumer favorites. Most of the brands in this segment are CSD brands. In 2009, our Beverage Concentrates segment had net sales of approximately $1. 1 billion.Strengths Weaknesses Strong portfolio, consumer-preferred brands Weak performance in Asian Market Integrated business model A substantial amount of outstanding debt Strong customer relationships Strong operating margins and stable cash flows Opportunities Threats New dissemination transmit in a market Changing consumer tastes Growing consumer health knowingness Operating in highly competitive markets Focus on opportunities in high growth and high margin categories Depend on the 3rd party bottling and distribution companies Cott Corporation.Cott Corp is one of the leading non-alcoholic beverage companies and retailer brand soft drink providers. The company primarily operates in the US, Canada, the UK and Mexico. It is headquartered in Toronto, Canada and employs 2,803 people. The company recorded revenues of $1,648. 1 million during the financial year terminate December 2009, a decrease of 7. 2% compared to 2008. The operating loss of the company was $113 million during 2009, compared to the operating loss of $54. 5 million in 2008. The net loss was $122. 8 million in 2009, compared to the net loss of $71. 4 million in 2008.Strengths Weaknesses Leading Producer of Retailer strike off Beverages with respective(a) Product Portfolio Unable to compete successfully in the highly competitive beverage category. Extensive, Flexible Manufacturing Capabilities May not be able to reply successfully to consumer trends significant amount of outstanding debt Opportunities Threats New distribution channels in a market Changing consumer tastes G rowing consumer health consciousness Intense competition Focus on opportunities in high growth and high margin categories National Beverage Corp.National Beverage develops, manufactures, markets and distributes a portfolio of beverage products throughout the US. The company develops and sells a selection of flavored soft drinks, juices, scintillation waters and energy drinks. It is headquartered in Fort Lauderdale, Florida and employed about 1,300 people. The company recorded revenues of $566 million during fiscal year ending April 2008, an increase of 5% over 2007. The increase in revenue was due to 9% growth in case volume of energy drinks, juices, and waters. The operating profit of the company was $172. 6 million during 2008, a decrease of 0. 4% compared with 2007.The net profit was $22. 5 million in 2008, decrease of 8. 9% compared with 2007. Strengths Weaknesses Extensive Brand Portfolio Geographic concentration Declining Profits Opportunities Threats Focus on Asia Pacific Market Limitations on Commercialization of Alcoholic Products Rise in Demand for bottled piss in the US Riding Input Costs Change in Consumer Preferences Intense Competitive Pressures Companys secernate success factors within the soft drink industry. Key factors for competitive success within the soft drink industry branch from the trends of the microenvironment. Primarily, constant product innovation is imperative.A company must be able to recognize consumer wants and needs, while maintaining the ability to adjust with the changing market. They must keep up with the changing trends. other key factor is the size of the organization, especially in terms of market share. Large distributors have the ability to negotiate with stadiums, universities and school systems, making them the goop supplier for a specified period of time. Additionally, they have the ability to pay to mass purchases that significantly lower their costs. They must implement effective distribution channels to remain competitive.Taste of the product is also a key factor for success. Moreover, established brand loyalty is a large outlook of the soft drink industry. Many consumers of carbonated beverages are extremely devote to a particular product, and rarely purchase other varieties. This stresses the importance of create and maintaining a superior brand image. Price, however, is also a key factor because consumers without a strong brand preference will select the product with the most competitive price. Finally, global expansion is a vital factor in the success of a company within the soft drink industry.The United States has reached relative market saturation, requiring movement into the global industry to maintain growth. Soft drink industry main characteristics, trends and changes. Soft drinks are an constitutional part of American life and culture and soft drinks have been produced or consumed in nearly every corner of the world. The industry is lucrative with a potential for hig h profits, but there are several obstacles to overwhelm in order to capture the market share. Growing consumption trends can be attributed to rising disposable incomes, falling trade barriers, universal product acceptance, and a rising demand for American consumer goods.It would be very difficult for a new company to enter this industry because they would not be able to compete with the established brand names, distribution channels, and high capital investment. Likewise, leaving this industry would be difficult with the significant loss of coin from the fixed costs, binding contracts with distribution channels, and advertisements used to create the strong brand images. This industry is well established already, and it would be difficult for any company to enter or exit successfully.The carbonated beverage industry is a highly competitive global industry, and has some characteristics of an oligopoly in the US. Three leading companies have prominent presence in the soft drink indus try. The leaders include the Coca-Cola Company, PepsiCo, and Cadbury Schweppes. Leader companies have to hold the highest percentage of the global market share therefore, companies need to be able to compete globally in order to be successful. Profitability in the soft drink industry will remain rather solid, but market saturation especially.

Paul Krugman,The Conscious of a Liberal

In this book The conscious of a Liberal capital of Minnesota Krugman talks about the long favorable suppurate that started from the 1870s until the big f all in alloff in the 1930s. He shoes that there was a accomplishment of a huge inequality in prosperity and in power, where a supposedly a democratic semipolitical system didnt succeeded to show the economic interests of the majority. He said that the big power of America was all utilized to comprise belongings interests and there had been an unsuspecting approval and let inance of a bourgeois beliefs that any effort to help the spate who bugger off fewer helping would guide to an economic disaster.He talked about the distri simplyion of incomes in the 1920s, where if the capital gains were excluded we would have that the highest 10% in income was receiving 43. 6% from the final income, while the highest 1% in the income was receiving the 17. 3 %. The strange thing is that in 2005, the income allocations facts were so sim ilar to those of the 1920s.He in any case menti wholenessd that the great Depression destroyed the gilded age, and he talked about the reforms of Franklin Roosevelt, where the near rich of the 0.1% possessed more than 20% of the states richness in the 1929, so far only 10% in the middle of the 1950s. Krugman talked about the new pot that taxed away the biggest part of their revenues and earnings adding that the blue collar employees benefits the close to from this. capital of Minnesota Krugman talked also about the new division of richens called The Great Compression that picked up a big number of Americans from the urban slum and from the rural wishing into owning houses and extraordinary comfort.When Roosevelt took the power, the postwar of the middle fellowship culture and society has arose in a small period of time. The New Deal of Roosevelt was accepted by the republican Eisenhower but the rejection during this period of presidency was by any(prenominal) republicans tha t didnt accept the liberalism of Eisenhower. Krugman described in his book that when Eisenhower was advocating on the virtues of the toned- down up to mesh republicanism, there was a latest geek of conservative that started to appear. They captured themselves as some strangers facing organizations and institutions.He added that in the 1964, a union of conservative protestors held control of the Republican National Convention and selected Barry Goldwater for presidency. The presidency of the NIXON was from the point of suck in of Krugman an evolution period instead of a victory for the new conservatism. As mentioned in the book, in the 1980s, there was a big victory for the New Conservatives, and economics were victories by the new conservatives. These principles maintained without proof that tax cuts would pay for themselves.Krugman wrote that in the death penalty of the conservative political authority, the economists started to document a slight increase in inequality but most of the Americans noticed just a circumstantial or none of the economic growth. He add that, if growth in productivity had been consistently common across the work force, then the wonted(prenominal) workers income should be 35% superior now than what it used to be in the beginning of the 70s. Krugman sum up announcing that for those who they call themselves liberals atomic number 18 in authoritative sense conservatives, whereas those who consider themselves conservatives are broadly in deep radicals.Finally, he said that liberals wish and desire to return to the middle- secernate society where he grew up in and for those who call themselves conservative, they desire to go back to the gilded age ruining a century of history. From my point of view, I would manage to support Krugman in some major points that what brought the US to here is mostly two big puzzles the first one is an economic puzzle of why it is that weve come to an intra second gilded age, and how is that the ineq uality has increased as a great deal as it has? and the second puzzle is a political one where the political system has been largely responsible for the creation of the second gilded age and where bulk were heart and the most powerful one had benefit on the less powerful.Also, the thing that made me support mostly Krugmans point of view was that statistics and numbers showed that typical families arent better off now than what they was in the early 1970s. Its true that the inflation is now higher a little objet dart than onwards but its mainly because of the working spouses and because how much people are working harder now.And from another(prenominal) hand, it was easier in the 1973 to feel that childrens were getting a adequate education and the inequality in schools has increased greatly. The economy in the 1973 was actually good while there was no computers, no internet, no telefax machines etc. so what I want to prove is that now, USA is usually in a more productive an d more rich than before but we are not sure the typical family has gained anything.The reason is that all ornearly all of the gain got to the small group of people who are in the top. Some said that this is all because of education, it is true that people with good education did better than people without but if you think from another side, that all teachers and high class managers have mainly the same type of degrees (minimum masters degrees) but at the end one of the high class managers could have a salary of a bunch of teachers you can agnize more the point of view mentioned above.So mainly, what I would adopt is that the middle class society was a political creation that didnt just happened gradually and was achieved politically by the new deal Last but not least, most of people would tell you that from another hand that disasters of the economy could increase the inequality, but the post war generation had in fact the best 25 years of the US of any economy could ever had and e ven though all the different advanced countries that faced globalization and technological development, unambiguously Americans faced a second gilded age, so this assure one thing in my opinion and its that the gilded age is due to a political creation and system.

Maintenance of Minority Languages in Majority Settings Essay

Rather than showing the picture of how the plenty with divers(prenominal) quarrels atomic number 18 related to each other, it is more essential to break down the orders of essential talking tos existing in any given bea and only by this way that we toilette identify which oral communication is considerable as levelheaded and appropriate to ensure somehow that they leave alone continue to be used.  manner of speaking serves as marker of group of deal and most disputes involved in lingual process minorities deals with the way the languages ar reproduced in consideration with the affiliation in geographical boundaries. Maintaining language minorities which are all too often unequipped for modern life, strengthens the position of the dominant language as the only commonplace language of communication.Francophone comprises larger fraction of Canadas speakers prior to the twentieth blow and it went less due to imbalance in the flow of population much(prenominal) as birth rate among cut speakers and as immigration of incline speaking mess. Quebec apparently endures English and they have maintained the high assiduousness of French speakers.Francophone Canada remained a vital community sustained by the laboured efforts of people from within the community who ensure that the French speaking minority population willing continue to thrive (Posner and Green 345-358).The same contingency had happened in some other part of the world where the people had distinguishable origin that changed their cultural sphere, such as in India which, aside from Hindi, similarly has some regional dialects.Having language minority remained as a outcome of political questions especially as it was applied in instructional materials which requires rationalized language policy. Multilingual education came out as another option and a good consideration for better accessibility of education transcending the boundary of language (Groff 8-12).Endangerment or even extinction can be the worst eggshell scenario when language wasnt maintained. When we talk about endangered language, we refer to the piecemeal mitigate of monolingual speakers using the language. One example of this implication was declared in the works of David and Maya Bradley (316-321) which tackles the revival of native languages of Aboriginal group in Australia.Designs for the attempt of reviving languages can only be possible with exuberant resources like documentations or retrieving information from similar languages. The efforts for this also require reasonable aim or intentions in having it done apparently to make it worthwhile than just having it done for the luxury of education. Losing the function of a language relates to the reasons for its decrease of usage or may extent to total non-usage.A language has the power as long as it has the function fulfilled as it was used contemporary industries. The report by Michelle Goldberg and David Corson (1-3) shows tha t bilingualist Immigrants, with an official language learned, are not perceived to bear any advantage for they are not recognized in their chosen field even though, in some situations, proficiency in the language is a crucial acquisition required in the job. Valuing this skill thru formal recognition is greatly full for the company itself since it contributes in returns in the market specially when dealing with bilingual clients.linguistic minorities whether in Canada, or in Europe or in Asia dont just preserve the natural communication nub of their group but can also provide reflection of their friendlyisation which separates them to the persist. They were therefore protected and promoted by laws in the belief on its noteworthy importance of preserving the identity of these groups (Jimenez & Nakagawa 6).Compared to the situation in Australia, the minorities in Canada, Francophone, has different form since they are comparable to the legal age group, Anglophone, when we talk about their origin. no(prenominal) of these two naturally emerged in the land since both were influences or contributions from European. French colonized Quebec after its discovery and for centuries, French has already been an official language (Mc Creery 6).Vitality of relationship between the language and close in a community determines proliferation of a language therefore, and guardianship and preservation requires analysis of people in group by their demographic prominence, social status, and economic power.These variables can determine the vitality of a language congener to the culture certain in parallel to the language. In order to study the essential factors impact the growth of the language and design a maintenance procedure, it unavoidably a clear definition of the culture in which it is in. Any topic that is associated with vernacular culture manifests linguistic features. Daily activities of people and collective behavior can show its relations to linguisti c attributes then we can determine what perceptions and concepts influence the language (Grenoble and Whaley 261-264).another(prenominal) implication that needs to be aided by language maintenance is the tendency that the difference in language would extend to the separation of people and a state. In Canada, tension rose between English speakers and French speakers, mainly Quebec, carrying the biggest fraction of French-Canada. For decades, a Marxist group called Front de dismission de Quebec (FLQ) tried to gain sovereignty and fought for the independence. The government applied quick aid to pacify the nationalist actions by making French speakers feel more welcome as they created official policies for the benefit of bilinguals (Ruypers 149).From the viewpoint of anyone who wants to grow towards the wider speedy community such as in the case of minority relative to the majority surrounding them, it tends to make the minority encouraged to gain the actual condition of the majority . When we talk about the will to sustain linguistic identity, it needs to be acknowledged that it is important to develop individuals and the community without compromising the culture and language. Keeping the diversity of language varieties needs not to be grim instead should be respected in the way that none will be damaged (Bastardas-Boada 3-5).Any action in a community, whether it is literal or physical, contributed to the culture that defines the distinction of human group. The ability to share with the rest this developed culture makes the group dynamic in the wider scope. These are the notions to be considered as a challenge for anyone attempting to participate in different social dimension.This idea can be applied to the relationship of minority and majority languages which are connected by communications since every language users are considered as part of the community of ideas and practices (Duranti 46).After all, the maintenance of a language, and few the users are, would be simplified as long as there is enough reason for it to stay. It will not matter whether the majority of people around use different language or doing different thing from what you do for if language really serves as a mean for communication, differences will then not make this a problem but a source for it to become richer and maintained.ReferencesDuranti, A. Linguistic Anthropology. UK  Cambridge UP (1997) 46Posner, R. and Greene, J.N. Trends in philology. Walter de Gruyter and Co. (1993) 345-358Groff, C. Status and Acquisition Planning and Linguistics Minorities in India.  (2003)8-12Bradley, David and Maya. spoken language Endangerment and vocabulary Maintenance TJ   International (2002) 316-321Corson, D. and Goldberg, M. Minority Languages learned Informally- The Social Construction           of Language Skills through the Discourse of Ontario Employers ON University of     Toronto (2001) 1-3Jimenez, V. and Na kagawa, M. Linguistic Minorities Public International righteousness and Policy      Group (2005) 6Mc Creery, C. the Order of Canada Toronto University of Toronto Press Incorporated(2005)                       6Grenoble, L.A. and Whaley, L.J. Endangered Languages UK Cambridge UP (1998) 261-264Ruypers, J. et. al.Canadian and World Politics. Canada Emond Montgomery (2005) 149Bastardas-Boada Albert. Linguistic Sustainability and Language Ecology. Catalonia, Spain   Centre Universitari de Sociolinguistica I Comunicacio (2005) 3-5

PHI – Employee Health Information

Employees of an organization should expect for their wellness breeding to remain private. but as the government has found it necessary to create rights to protect employees from discrimination, they deem had to create laws to safeguard an employees protected wellness discipline (PHI). These laws embarrass Health Insurance Portability and Accountability wager of 1996 (HIPAA), Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and Occupational sentry duty and Health Act (OSHAct).While each law explicitly protects employee health schooling, it as well as allows employers to use certain PHI to accumulate certain requirements of each law and to ensure the safety of employees. What is Protected Health entropy? What is protected health information? According to Davis and Salver-Malyska, protected health information is defined as individually identified health information transmitted electronically or maintained or stored on any electronic media (2003, p. 31-32).In the enchant together Stat es the HIPAA Privacy Rule allows employers if acting as Plan Administrator to moderate certain PHI. There is no way around this, because the administrator essential take up the employees sterilize to complete certifications and provide back the employers. Companies that gift an HMO and also have Workman Compensation, Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA), Short-term and Long term Disability plans will require the doctor or the employee to provide medical certifications that support the need for the employee to be on leave or restricted duty.Under the FMLA, companies are require to also get PHI for an employees family member is the leave is requested to take dread of a sick or injured family member. Other types of PHI collected by employers include, pre-employee physical information, drug testing prior to employment and random testing. This information is need as part of the hiring process or go with indebtedness coverage depending on the nature of the business or job. According t o Cascio, the employer is infallible to indicate if a leave is FMLA and the reason for the leave (2010, p. 9). Ethical and organized religion Issues At issue with each type of PHI collected or reviewed thither is the potential of the employees privacy being compromised? If companies to non set standard, required policies and procedures for those employees requesting and handling the PHI, then there could be major breakagees. Once the breach as occurred, an employees trust is eroded. Managers and supervisors should be provided training, as most of the information for Workman Comp, FMLA or STD claims is already provided to the employees management.But even still, employers cannot instantaneously ask health care providers the nature of an employees situation unless the employee has provided or agreed to release the information. According to Colquitt, Lepine and Wesson, trust by an employee is their implied and explicit transcription to allow themselves to be vulnerable to a trust ee (2009, p. 219). Just the aspect of PHI being made accessible to individuals who may not be accredited creates considerable distress by the employee. An example, of distressed trust, would be an employee who is HIV positive, who is required to take a pre-employment physical.While in theory and supposed practice, an employer is not to request a pre-employment physical until after the offer I made. however the employee would still have feelings of reluctance to allow the testing just to get a job. Another example includes the employee who is covered by the ADA, where a company must make reasonable accommodations for the employees disability. Which means management and HR must ask the question and place into service, the items or accommodations they employee need to meet the projected expectations. In January 2009, the Bush administration published updated FMLA regulations. One unwrap section clarifies the rules regarding who may request additional information about an employees FMLA certificationand how it should be sought. Recommendations In my experience as a manger, I refrain from asking employees PHI regarding them or their families. When you have employees who have lower-ranking children, elderly parents and a disabled spouse, managers must ensure that they never ask an employee what is wrong?Not only should HR provide training on basic requirements for Workman Comp and HIPAA. Each manager must put safeguards in place to ensure employee records are not compromised. My company has established a process that removes the need to certify or review medical information for return to work instances. Employees submit items directly to an HR professional and not to the manager or supervisor. By doing this it removes the possibility of deliberate or unconscious violation of the employees privacy rights.ReferencesColquitt, J. A., Lepine, J. A., & Wesson, M. J. (2009). Organizational Behavior amend Performance and Committment in the Workplace. invigorated Yo rk McGraw Hill. Cascio, W. F. (2010). Managing Human Resources Productivity, Quality of Work Life, Profits. New York McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Davis, V., & Silver-Malyska, T. (2003). Employers Liability for Use and Disclosure of Individual Health Information HIPAA Privacy and Employer Functions. Benefits Law Journal, 16(2), 29-46.

Predictable Crises of Adulthood by Gail Sheehy

The Trying Twenties In the text, Gail Sheehy describes the difficulties, as well as freedom, which twenty- a few(prenominal)things atomic number 18 presented with when they enter the adult world. The mid- mid-twenties is the period when one is eager to visit his testify way of tone. rough take forward to go to graduate school, some stick to unify betimes and try forbidden different affairs to see which suits them best, and some stay single(a) and depute their c beer maiden. Two impulses are at work during this period. unity is to be set as early as possible the another(prenominal) is to keep experimenting. A balance taken with(p) between the two determines what ones twenties testament be give care.People in their twenties switch m all(a)(prenominal) illusions which gormandise them with en soiasm in e real trend they make. Illusions likewise bring get bug out power. Young people dont usually have lots money eyepatch the problems they face are endless, b ut with sturdy pass ons they can whelm any difficulty. Twenty-somethings also tend to confide on that point is only one accepted course in life, which cannot be altered. They are blind to other possibilities. hence if they muster any part of their soulality not congruent with that course, they will regard it as unsuitable and try to suppress it.They shape their eccentric person to fit the course they have chosen, instead of the other way pulse. They will rediscover those suppressed part later in their forties. In the text of further reading, the same author continues to talk active the problems people are likely to face in their 30s by 50s. If one can strangle through the midlife transition, he will find new purposes in life. notwithstanding if one refuses to at a lower placego such a transition, he will be disappointed about life which may turn him into a person reconciled to the situation. The motto at 50 might be No to a greater extent bullshit. TextThe Trying Tw enties confronts us with the question of how to affect hold in the adult world. Incandescent with our energies, having outgr avouch the family and the formlessness of our transiting years, we are impatient to burgeon forth ourselves into the me desire objurgate form our own way of living in the world. Or while looking for it, we lack to try out some provisional form. For now we are not only trying to ascend ourselves adequate in the larger society but intensely certain of existence on trial. Graduate student is a safe and beaten(prenominal) form for those who can afford it. Working toward a degree is something newfangled eople already know how to do. It postpones having to prove oneself in the bigger, bullying arena. Very few Americans had such a privilege onward World War II they r individuallyed the jumping-off point by the tender age of 16 or 18 or 20 and had to make their move ready or not. notwithstanding today, a quarter of a century is often spent before an indiv idual is expected or expects himself to designate his lifes course. Or more. Given the leeway to experiment, the pro tenacioused schooling available, and the moratoria allowed, it is not unusual for an adventurer to be more or less 30 before firmly setting a course.Today, the seven-year spread of this constitute seems commonly to be from the ages of 22 to 28. The tasks of this period are as rattling(a) as they are exhilarating To shape a daydream, that vision of ones own possibilities in the world that will generate energy, aliveness, and hope. To prepare for a lifework. To find a mentor if possible. And to form the capa urban center for friendship without losing in the touch whatever constancy of self we have thus far assembled. The first test social structure must be erected around the life we choose to try. oneness one-year-old man with vague aspirations of having his own creative enterprise, for instance, wasnt sure if his gimcrack would be photography or cabinet qual ification or architecture. There was no sponsor in sight his parents worked for the telephone company. So he took a suppose with Ma Bell. He married and together with his wife stubborn to postpone children indefinitely. Once the structure was set, he could throw all his free-time energies into experimenting indoors it. Every weekend would find him behind a camera or building bookcases for friends, vigorously testing the various creative streaks that might tercet him to a satisfying lifework.Singlehood can be a life structure of the twenties, too. The daughter of an ego-boosting father, taught to try anything she manageed so long as she didnt bail out before reaching the top, decided to rick a traveling human raceist. That meant macrocosm free to move from city to city as better jobs exposed up. The structure that best served her purpose was to remain unattached. She shared apartments and lived in womens hotels, having a wonderful time, until at 27 she landed the executive j ob of her dreams. I had no feeling of rootlessness because each time I moved, the bordering job offered a higher status or salary.And in every city I traveled, I would look up old friends from college and meet them for dinner. That gave me a stabilizing influence. At 30 Shazam The same woman was suddenly married and pregnant with twins. Surrounded by a totally new and out of the blue(predicate) life structure, she was pleasantly baffled to find herself content. I guess I was ready for a family without knowing it. The Trying Twenties is one of the nightlong and more stable periods, stable, that is, in comparison with the rockier passages that lead to and exit from it.Although each nail driven into our first external life structure is tentative, a tryout, once we have made our commitments we are convince they are the right ones. The momentum of exploring within the structure generally carries us through the twenties without a major disruption of it. One of the terrifying aspect s of the twenties is the conviction that the choices we make are irrevocable. If we choose a graduate school or join a firm, get married or dont marry, move to the suburbs or forego travel abroad, decide against children or against a career, we fear in our marrow that we might have to live with that choice forever.It is largely a false fear. Change is not only possible some rescript of our original choices is probably inevitable. But since in our twenties were new at making major life choices, we cannot imagine that possibilities for a better integration will occur to us later on, when some inner step-up has taken place. Two impulses, as eternally, are at work during this period. One is to build a firm, safe structure for the future by making strong commitments, to be set . however people who slip into a ready-made form without much self-examination are likely to find themselves following a locked-in pattern.The other urge is to explore and experiment, keeping any structure ten tative and therefore easily reversible. Taken to the extreme by people who skip through their twenties from one trial job and one limited personal encounter to another, this snuff its the transient pattern. The balance struck between these two impulses makes for differences in the way people pass through this period of provisional adulthood and largely determines the way we feel about ourselves at the end of it. The Power of Illusions However galvanizing our vision in the early twenties, it is far from being complete.Even while we are delighted to ostentation our shiny new capacities, secret fears persist that we are not spillage to get away with it. Somebody is going to discover the imposter. To have seen the vivacious, 24-year-old lower-ranking executive at her work in a crack San Francisco public relations firm, one would probably not have guessed the trepidations underneath I realized that I had not grown up. I was amazed at how well I functioned at work. When clients would deal with me as an equal, Id think, I got away with it, but the feeling wasnt one of joy. It was terror that eventually they would find out I was just a child. Simply not equipped.The other fractional of the time, I would have tremendous confidence and arrogance about who I was a hotshot out there accomplishing all sorts of things and everybody thinking I was so terrific. I was like two people. Many of us are not consciously aware of such fears. With comme il faut surface bravado to fool the people we meet, we fool ourselves as well. But the memory of formlessness is neer far beneath. So we hasten to try on lifes uniforms and possible partners, in search of the perfect fit. Perfect is that person we infiltrate with the capacity to thrill and support our vision or the person we believe in and want to help.Two centuries ago, a pretended young poet in Germany, torn by his desperate passion for the perfect woman, drank a glass of wine, raised a pistol, and put a bullet through his head. It was a shot heard round the world. The reverelorn dropout who fired it was the hero of Goethes novel The Sorrows of Young Werther, which contributed to the romantic causa that colors our expectations of love to this day. Goethe himself was a poet of 25 when he wrote the story. And like the fictional Werther, he suffered from an infatuation with a married woman, an unreachable woman, whose very mystery story invited his fantasies of perfection.Goethes hero struck such a chord in young people throughout Europe that a wave of suicides followed the books publication. Today, as then, its edify to speculate on the degree to which a young man patch ups his romanticized fluctuation of the loved woman. She may be seen as the magical chameleon who will be a mother when he needs it and in the next instant the child requiring his protection, as well as the seductress who proves his potency, the soother of anxieties (who shall have no(prenominal) of her own), the guarantor o f his immortality through the conversion of his seed.And to what degree does the young woman invent the man she marries? She often sees in him possibilities that no one else recognizes and pictures herself within his dream as the one person who truly understands. Such illusions are the gormandize of which the twenties are made. Illusions is usually thought of as a pejorative, something we should get rid of if we suspect we have it. The illusions of the twenties, however, may be essential to instill our first commitments with excitement and intensity, and to sustain us in those commitments long enough to gain us some experience in living.The tasks before us are exciting, conflicting, and sometimes overwhelming, but of one thing or so of us are certain in our twenties. Will power will overcome all. Money may be scarce, the loans and laundry endless. The evil bait of sell out may tempt the would-be doctor, writer, social worker. But clearly, or so it seems, we have only to apply ou r strong minds and sturdy wills to the pedal of life, and sooner or later our destiny will bend under our control. A self-deception? Yes, in large part. But also a most useful modus operandi at this stage.For if we didnt believe in the omnipotent military posture of our intelligence, if we were not convinced that we could will ourselves into being whatever kind of persons we wish to be, it wouldnt make much sense to try. Doubts immobilize. Believing that we are independent and competent enough to master the external tasks constantly fortifies us in our attempts to become so. Language Study 1. Incandescent with our energies, having outgrown the family and the formlessness of our transiting years, we are impatient to pour ourselves into the exactly right form-our own way of living in the world. . Full of energies, we dont rely on the family any more and are beginning to establish our own identity. We are eager to find a way of life that is most suited to us. 3. they reached the jum ping-off point by the tender age of 16 or 18 or 20 and had to make their move ready or not. 4. They started to make a living as early as 16, 18 or 20, no matter whether they were ready or not. 5. The tasks of this period are as enormous as they are exhilarating. 6. Although the tasks of this period are immense, they are at the same time extremely exciting. 7.And to form the capacity for intimacy without losing in the process whatever constancy of self we have thus far assembled. 8. The young people should also learn how to love somebody deeply though not to the point of losing their own identity they have established so far. 9. The daughter of an ego-boosting father taught to try anything she wished so long as she didnt bail out before reaching the top, decided to become a traveling publicist. 10. A girl, whose father encouraged her to do anything as long as she didnt give up until she succeeded, decided to become a publicist who would travel frequently. 1. The Trying Twenties is on e of the longer and more stable periods, stable, that is, in comparison with the rockier passages that lead to and exit from it. 12. Compared with the other stages in life, the Trying Twenties is longer and more stable. It is more stable than the immature period and the thirties. 13. Although each nail driven into our first external life structure is tentative, a tryout, once we have made our commitments we are convinced they are the right ones. 14.Although we are only experimenting when we do the things that may fix our lifes course, we are confident enough to believe what we have done is always correct. 15. Yet people who slip into a ready-made form without much self-examination are likely to find themselves following a locked-in pattern. 16. Yet people who follow exactly in others footsteps without considering whether it suits him may find that there is too little excitement in their life. 17. Perfect is that person we imbue with the capacity to enliven and support our vision or the person we believe in and want to help. 8. The perfect person is someone who stands by us and helps us realize our dreams, or it is someone we trust and want to help. 19. And like the fictional Werther, he suffered from an infatuation with a married woman, an unreachable woman, whose very mystery invited his fantasies of perfection. 20. And just like the character Werther he created in the novel, Goethe suffered from his love with a married woman. He could never get this woman and didnt unfeignedly know her very well, but that made him imagine the woman to be perfect 21.That the parental figures, unknowingly internalized as our guardians, provoke the very feelings of safeguard that allow us to dare all these great firsts of the twenties. They are also the inner dictators that hold us back. 22. Our parents, whom we agree as our protectors and guides without consciously being aware of it, give us a sense of safety which fills us with the courage to face up to the challenges of the twenties. 23. She may be seen asthe guarantor of his immortality through the conversion of his seed. 24.She can be regarded as someone who guarantees the mans immortality by bearing him children. 25. good into our forties, we will still be dredging up exactly those suppressed parts we are now making every effort to ignore. 26. When we are in our forties, we will rediscover and expose the parts of our constitution that we find undesirable and try to suppress now. 27. That the parental figures, unknowingly internalized as our guardians, provoke the very feelings of safety that allow us to dare all these great firsts of the twenties.They are also the inner dictators that hold us back. 28. Our parents, whom we deem as our protectors and guides without consciously being aware of it, give us a sense of safety which fills us with the courage to face up to the challenges of the twenties. 29. Well into our forties, we will still be dredging up exactly those suppressed parts we are now making every effort to ignore. 30. When we are in our forties, we will rediscover and expose the parts of our personality that we find undesirable and try to suppress now.

Spirit of Adoption vs. Orphan Spirit

olfactory perception of Adoption vs. deprive tonus Human indigences* Safety Unconditional write out instruction Purpose Frost, hole and Trisha, battle of Shiloh Place Ministries Orphan Orphan scriptural definition Comfortless one Living as orphans or comfortless ones is living with unresolved unmet needs either without a family, or in the midst of a family musical arrangement. This poop be seen in our anxiety levels, and by the unhealthy roles we take on to try and be accepted, loved, and wel jazz in our own families. There be over 200,000 orphans in the world like a shot The effect of physical Orphanhood in children Vulnerability to confusion, anxiety, depression, and behavioral/ psychiatrical disorders Failure to thrive and actual physical growth stunted Johnson et al. , (2011) perceived lack of control leading to feeling of helplessness Ongoing intragroup longing and hope for love and sense of belonging Pleasure attached to sustenance, love, joy and happiness is num bed Dr. Judith Arndell, Psy. D. Lack of individuation Identity Where does identity come from?? In the World Occupation Economic Status Sexual indisposition Religion Activity Victim Physical Family Role Past unhealthiness Material thingsJust as children with absent genetic fathers have identity issues, (Terwogt et al. , 2002) so will we without the legality from our heavenly obtain about who we are. In the Family of beau ideal For as many as are led by the Spirit of perfection, these are the sons of deity. For you did non receive the spirit of bondage again to fear, except you received the Spirit of adoption by whom we cry out, Abba Father Romans 814-16 God The Perfect Parent In Him, we are adopted and can have our needs met John 1415-18 I will not leave you as orphans, but 1415will send the Holy Spirit (The Comforter) to be with ou and in you. Hosea 143 In you the orphan finds pardon Psalm 685-6 A father to the fatherless, a 685defender of widows, is God in His holy dw elling. God sets the lonely in families ADOPTION Huiothesia (Greek) the prescribe and condition of a son given to one to whom it does not naturally belong To place as sons. Adoption Legal Permanent transport of name and identity Adoption in the Bible Mephibosheth David brought him into his own family and toughened him as a son 2 Sam 91-13 Esther adoptive and raised by her uncle Esther 27 Moses Adopted by Pharaohs young lady in EgyptExodus 2 Adoption begins with discharge Matt. 1039 The somebody who tries to preserve his life will nod off it, but the person who loses his life for me will preserve it. John 1224 Truly, truly, I show to you, unless a grain of wheat falls into the earth and dies, it remains unsocial but if it dies, it bears much fruit. Luke 923-24 For whosoever will save his life shall lose it but whosoever will lose his life for my sake, the same shall save it. only Offers New Life 2 Tim 211 I affirm on this saying If we died with Him we shall also live with Him. Levels of adoptees acceptance scenery of adoption determines outcome (Borders et al. , 2007) No acknowledgement Denial No truth or healing Acknowledgement with questions Questioning Missing something Focus on Loss Angry Stuck in resentment Aware of both Loss and Gain Processing Moving Forward pacification Focus on Gain New Life LIFE Orphan Son go out of God put on God as Loving Father commutative/Self-reliant Dependency Interdependent Orphan Spirit Live by Law Theology Live by Love Insecure/ Lacks Peace Security Rest and Peace Strives for Mans acceptance Need for Approval Accepted in Gods love and approval No Motivation or need to impressMotive for Service Service incite by gratitude and love Self-rejection Counterfeit affections addiction, escapism Competition Distrustful Self-Image fount of Comfort Relationships View of Authority Accusation and Exposure View of early(a)s Faults Guarded and Conditional Expression of Love Conditional and contradictory Bondage Se rvant/Slave Sense of Gods strawman Condition Position Positive and affirmed Resting in the Fathers Love/ Holy Spirit Humility and Unity Respectful recognise Love Covers Open, patient, affectionate, self-less, kind Close and Intimate Spirit of Adoption See God as MasterLiberty Son-ship Recognition for something Vision Receiving and Giving the Love of the Father Fight or Give up Future HOPE Frost, Jack and Trisha Shiloh Place Ministries Living as sons and daughters Now you are no longer a slave but Gods own child. And since you are his child, God has made you his heir. Galatians 47 He predestined us to be adopted as his sons through deliverer Christ, in accordance with his enjoyment and will- Romans 122 Helpful Steps to Living Loved lease time to Grieve/Be Real Psalm 628 Trust in him at all times, O people swarm out your hearts to him, for God is our refuge.View Adoption as Good (Borders, et al. , 2007) Ephesians 15 He predestined us to be adopted as his sons through Jesus Chris t, in accordance with his pleasure and will re-create our Minds according to the Word Romans 122 Do not correct any longer to the pattern of this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind Recognize and Resource The Family of God Eph. 416 From him the whole body, joined and held together by every supporting ligament, grows and builds itself up in love, as each part does its work. Acknowledge Gods truth, and have grace for process Adopted into the Family Of God built up in Love Both spirituality and surrounding relationships are orienting and motivating (Pargament, 2003) Participation in Church and its relational support system is protective of physical and rational health (Pargament, 2003) Forgiveness Grace Love Mercy For this reason I bow my knees before the Father, from whom every family in heaven and on earth is named (ESV) Ephesians 314-15 You also, like living stones, are being built into a spiritual house to be a holy priesthood, offering spiritual sacrifices acceptable to God through Jesus Christ. 1 Peter 25 (NIV) References . 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Passmore, Nola L. (2004) Adoption and the Father partiality of God helping adoptees deal with Issues of identity and loss. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 23 (2). pp. 165-175. ISSN 0733-4273 Pargament, Kenneth, L. (2003). Advances in the Conceptualization and Measurement of Religion and Spirituality Implications for physical and mental health research. American Psychological Association, 58 (1). 6474. doi 10. 1037/1941-1022. S. 1. 3. Penny, J. , Borders, L. , &038 Portnoy, F. (2007). reconstructive memory of Adoption Issues Delineation of Five Phases Among Adult Adoptees.Journal Of Counseling &038 Development, 85(1), 30-41. Frost, Jack and Trisha, Shiloh Place Ministries. www. shilohplace. org Johnson, D. E. , &038 Gunnar, M. R. (2011). IV. GROWTH FAILURE IN INSTITUTIONALIZED CHILDREN. Monographs Of The Society For search In Child Development, 76(4), 92-126. doi10. 1111/j. 1540-5834. 201 1. 00629. Mark Meerum Terwogt, Caroline J. Meerum Terwogt-Reijnders, Suus M. J. van Hekkenn (2002). Identity problems related to absent genetic father http//www. zeitschrift-fuer-familienforschung. de/pdf/2002-3-terwogt. pdf

Characteristics of Religion

The quest for answers to the meaning of life is universal. It is not surprising then that the mans major Religious Traditions sh argon many distinctives. Using the characteristic headings from the Oxford Studies of Religion text book -Name each(prenominal) of the characteristics of piety. -Write a comprehensive description for each characteristic. For each characteristic, give TWO detailed examples from the Christian tradition, and superstar detailed example from another tradition. 1 ? 2 pages) Religion pull up stakess us with a set of mental pictures, values and attitudes, a focal point for exploitation ritual as well as a variety of societal networks therefore giving us a purpose to our lives. Religion comprises of iv main characteristics, including principles and believers, set apart texts and writings, ethics and rituals and ceremonies. All godlinesss argon sustained by beliefs and its believers. It is oft epochs the belief in one and only(a) or many Gods that def ines a religion.It may not only be the belief in one deity, such as the Christian and Islamic faiths, entirely could be the belief in more than one divine being, as seen in superannuated Greek Polytheism. Christians believe that there is only one God, and he created everything, solely that is seen and unseen, from cats and dogs to the air we breathe. Alternatively, in Ancient Greek Polytheism, there were many Gods, each responsible for a original part of nature. For example, Poseidon, was the God of the Sea and it was believed that he controlled everything to do with the sea from waves to sea creatures.Another example of Christian belief is that Jesus of Naz beth, the son of God, was crucified, suffered death and was buried. In most religions, believers derive bulk of their basic beliefs from the sacred texts and writings specific to their religion. Sacred texts are texts which some(prenominal) dictate beliefs and are of central importance to a certain religion or religions. Al l religions have sacred texts from which they get their basic beliefs. thither are three main types of sacred stories.These let in myths which are often about the formation of the universe, legends that often include sacred and key figures and parables which in general have layers of meaning that believers try to shape their lives somewhat. Often, these texts are believed to be preternaturally inspired. For example, majority of the writings in the Christian watchword, are about or by people who are directly in contact with God. The tidings is a point of reference for Christians to the regulations of their religion, for example the ex Commandments or the Beatitudes.The discussion is split into two books, the refreshing and Old Testament, both of which are considered sacred. Whilst the Bible is the main source of writings for Christians, the Quran, which is about the length of the New Testament, include most of the divine revelations received by Muhammad from his first encount er with the paragon Gabriel, until his death. Another example of a sacred Christian text is the Didache. This sacred text, also known as the Doctrine of the Twelve Apostles, was written in the first century and persuades its readers to choose Life over Death.The Didache was considered from entry into the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The sacred text and writings of religions often provide its believers with a set of ethics and a way to live and dress as well as traditions to follow within the religion. Ethics are the rules of conduct based on ideas of right and disparage and are prize to belong to a particular class of human actions or a particular group. Central to any religion, their purpose is to determine right from wrong and to clarify what believers should do freely and what they should refrain from doing.Ethics usually change from religion as they generally originate from sacred texts, ancestors etc and dictate what is morally correct in society. The main sources of ethics for Christians are the Ten Commandments and the Beatitudes. The Ten Commandments list ways in which Christians should pay respect to God and those around them. For example, the first commandment is I am the LORD your God. You shall have no other gods before Me The Beatitudes give Christians a way to live as individuals.For example, the Beatitude Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God, instructs Catholics to be free of selfish intentions and to perform acts free of personal gain. For Buddhists, the Five Precepts are the main code of ethics for Buddhists and comprises of withholding from killing, stealing, sexual misconduct, lying and intoxication. Rituals and ceremonies are the practices relating to beliefs. They are usually in place to affirm values and tally the religion more substantial.Rituals and ceremonies are usually formal or structured actions. An example of this in the Christian religion is the mass. Generally, in most Churches, Christians pile up on a Sunday to celebrate mass. Every Sunday, most Christian Churches complete the same structure of mass, possibly with different readings or songs but generally the same structure every week. For the Jewish boys, the Bar Mitzah is a substantial part of the young mans life where he becomes a man and is therefore required to follow Gods commandments.The Bar Mitzvah involves a ceremony which is performed at a certain time in the boys life, usually around the time of puberty. Another example of ritual in the Christian faith is baptism. Baptism is the opening into membership of the Christian Church through the pouring of water on ones head, and the cleansing of ones soul. There are four main characteristics which define a religion, these are as preceding(prenominal) beliefs and believers, sacred texts and writings, ethics and rituals and ceremonies. These four characteristics work together to make the religion dynamic and enable it to be a way of life.