Aspirin-its preparation, history and applications Essay

How doses atomic number 18 discover and demonstrable Pharmacologist along with chemist cogitate on a specific infirmity and unmet patient needs in coiffure to discover pertly doses. They search for biologic proposes within the body that play a role in a granted unhealthiness. Unique molecules are describe or created that some daylight energy be medicines. Lead Compound Selection, is the testing of compounds that might undergo the long expensive medicate develop process. Random Screening- uses subsisting library of chemical agents. This is the simplest method but the betting odds are low and patience is needed. combinative Chemistry Screening- uses a compound (from existing library) as a base, and so haphazardly adding amino venereal diseases or molecule segments of new(prenominal) agents to the base compound in stray to enhance the base compounds activity and disease fighting potential. The enhanced compounds are then(prenominal) well-tried in rapid displa y test. in time this method is complex and dear(p) but it improves the odds. Target Synthesis- targets the disease for medicate intervention. For type High Blood imperativeness would be studied in detail. accordingly this method still requires screening of hundreds of compounds and wide amount of query to understand a particular disease process. Drug Modeling- uses more(prenominal) mettlesome technology. This method manipulates chemical structures by computers so that they backside attach to, blow up or deactivate proteins that interfere with or maintain the bodys habitual functioning. The model is utilize to enhance the properties of the separate methods but the cost for designer compounds are significant because of the huge amount of research that is needed to identify biochemical target and establish their molecular structure.How safety of drugs is examine before macrocosm use on the public A drug undergoes 3 clinical phases before being use on the public. leg 1 T his is designed to determine the safety of the new drug, how top hat to administer it and the correct dot- (one that allow sully desirable side effects). 20-30 patients (volunteers) are used to find out how the drug be consumes in their body, so their blood and urine leave behind be frequently monitored. Even though drugs in this will have been already tested in a laboratory. PHASE 2 After the correct dosage has been determined in phase1 clinical trial, it can enter phase2.This trial consists of determining the drugs effectiveness in cut acrossing a specific disease. Phase2 involves more patients (volunteers) and they are tested for the number of platelets in their blood and shoot frequent blood samples. If the drug being tested brings a positive qualifying in at least 1/5 of the patients then it can be tested in phase3. However if the drug shows very positive effects in-patients, the feed and Drug Administration also have the option of approving the drug for superior gene ral use at this point. PHASE 3 This trial involves hundreds of patients and is divided into two groups.The look group receives a standard intervention (placebo) and the treatment groups are given the new drug. Results are then compared from the two groups. blind studies are used to prevent nonreversible study results. If the new successfully passes a phase3 trial the FDA will approve the drug for marketing to the general public. . Purification -The ethanoyl groupsalicylic dosage is washed with distilled water until all the acetic sharp is removed. -It is pressed to be as dry as possible and then dried more by a current of warm air at 60-70 degrees Celsius.The yield of pure acetylsalicylic acid is among 1780-1795kg per batch using this reaction process. * annals of acetylsalicylic acid and its modern development * How acetylsalicylic acid is prepared on the tumid descale Main reactor for the process- a ice lined 1500 gallon fitted with a water- collecteded reflux conde nser, thermometers with automatic temperature register and an streamlined agitator. The Mother Liquor- 1532kg of acetic anhydride in 1200kg of methylbenzene (this does not get used up. ). The reactor is charged up with the mother spirits. 1382kg of salicylic acid is added to the mother liquor.The reaction commixture is het up(p) to between 85-92 degrees Celsius and kept at this temperature for 20 hours. The reaction mixture is transferred into an aluminum-cooling tank and is allowed to cool for 3-4 days. By the end the cool mixture will have reached room temperature 15-25 degrees Celsius. At this point the acetylsalicylic acid has precipitated as large regular crystals. Mother liquor is removed by filtration or centrifuging. Filtrate solution- 180-270kg of UN-precipitated acetyl acid, 510kg of acetic anhydride, 600kg of acetic acid and 1200kg of toluene.The acetic acid is obtained as a by-product of the acetylation step of the process. An well-agitated reactor using a diffusion plate will get into Ketene gas, to be passed done the recycled filtrate at a temperature between 15-25 degrees Celsius. When a cant increase of 420. 5kg of the Ketene gas is observed, the mother liquor contains 180-270kg of UN-precipitated acetyl acid and 1532kg of acetic anhydride in 1200kg of toluene. The Mother liquor is recycled and 1382kg of Salicylic acid is added to keep the reaction cycle.BC- the initiative and most influential physician wrote about the bitter powder extracted from the willow bark that could ease aches and constancy and reduce feverishness. 1700- The scientist Reverend Edmund Stone rig out that the part of the willow channelise bark that was bitter and good for fever and suffer is a chemical know as Salicin. This converts into another chemical called Salicylic acid when eaten. 1829- A pharmacist known as Leroux showed that Salicin is the active willow ingredient and for the first time an Italian chemist Piria used Salicylic acid to treat torture and jutting in diseases such as Arthritis and to treat fever in illnesses like Influenza. The difficulty was that these chemicals was causing the users upset stomachs.Some good deal had bleeding in their digestive tracts from high doses needed to control lummox and pain. It was image that the reason of stomach upsets were because of the acid in the chemical, at that placefore the compound Salicylic acid went through a couple of chemical reactions that covered up one of the acidic part with an ACETYL group, converting it to ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID (ASA).It was found that ASA bring down fever and relieve of pain and swelling but also it was much wear for the stomach and litigateed better than Salicylic Acid. 1899- ASA was given the name ASPIRIN- that comes from the plant relative of a lift that gos SALICYLIC ACID (several plants makes this compound not upright willow).  How drugs such as aspirin work Prostaglandin is a chemical that is released to make the brass ending register an even stronger pain to the brain. It is made in working cells of the damaged tissues by using an enzyme called CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 (COX-2).Prostaglandin makes you feel the pain of the damaged champaign and causes it to swell up (inflammation), to bathe the tissues in fluid from the blood so that it will protect it and help it heal. Pain serves the economic consumption here to remind you that the damaged commonwealth cannot be used, as it is not healed. However sometimes we endure pain when there is no real reason to. For example Period Pains and Arthritis. It can make people feel really uneasy and arthritis can damage joints permanently. ASPIRIN flora by locking itself to the enzyme that makes the chemical Prostaglandin.The enzyme C0X-2 that is found in normal tissues but more often than not in tissues that have been damaged in some way, can no nightlong convert floating chemicals into Prostaglandin because they are uneffective to move with the aspirin lock on. Asp irin does not treat the cause of the pain it just lowers the pain signals getting through your nerves to the brain. How effective aspirin is hot researches suggest that an aspirin a day is a preventive measure against middle Attacks. However the effectiveness of aspirin has first derivative effects depending on genetics.