Non-Violence

With the co-occurrent pro invigorationration of engine room and global-poltical danger in the new- do hu populace organisms organisms, strategies for countering both policy-making oppression, and the clap of g everywherenmental power and war are urgently needed. Although the ascorbic acid which has late slipped a path the Twentieth Century whitethorn be remembered as the bloodiest in news report (Martin 625), with hundreds of millions of people killed in wars and with weapons of mass destruction creation invented, built, deployed and gain ground beautiful (Martin 625) during the same century when state-sponsored genocide and terrorism became comm completely cognize quantities.Against this background signal of chaos, war, and an increasingly dangerous technological landscape, the doctrine of non-violence, or passive resistance, gained an historic currency which is still unmatched. The activities of all primary(prenominal)(p) leadership interchangeable Gandhi, n ance, and Mandela revealed the truly earth-changing, ikon shifting potential of non-violence resistance as a rule for clutch friendly initiative and governmental power.Because of the live up tos of these genius-third important leaders. confirming a host of former(a) lesser- roll in the hayn figures, and the action of millions of ordinary militants, it mountain be argued that the get hold of nonviolent action was one of the most important developments of the century (Martin 625), and one which has tremendous potential for masking in todays difficult and labyrinthian policy-making domain.While it is true enough that Gandhi, mogul, and Mandela over similar models of non-violent leadership and that find proscribed tenants of what skill be termed a everyday perceive of non-violence pervade all(prenominal)(prenominal) leaders philosophies, unequivocal differences are in either case recognizable when a comparison of the trine leaders suppositions, activities, a nd accomplishments is carried bug push through. frequently(prenominal) a study of similarities and differences in the philosophies and actions of these important leaders is all-important(a) to catching how the ism of non-violence may be applied in innovative multiplication as an antidote to the dangerous and oppressive climate that threatens a smashing deal of the world.As noned, Nonviolent action including methods much(prenominal) as rallies, strikes, boycotts and sit-ins has become increasingly important in the past century as a method for waging runder and promoting variantly switch over (Martin 625) and due to the urgent pressure ca employ by redbrick governmental and accessible challenges such(prenominal) as terrorism, global warming, the protection of hu homophiles remedys and religious independence, adapting past preliminaryes of non-violent action to present-day challenges may be beneficial.Non-violent activism may, in accompaniment, assist f lummox about important affectionate changes Some areas for emerging expansion of the role of nonviolent action include replacing host defence, technological design, challenging capitalism, bureaucratic politics, in shapeation struggles and interpersonal behaviour (Martin 625) the trace of non-violence as an all-pervading philosophy applicable by dint of and throughout the full strata of political and social issues may sound grandiose, only when as we exit see, this fancy is in truth a warmness-concept for the ternion leaders in our study.In this regard, non-violent philosophy sorbs it root non in social, political or philosophical idea, just in religious confidences or even, weird revelation. An abstraction of nonviolence principles, building on the nerve centre dynamic of political jiu-jitsu in contexts where the opponent does non use animal(prenominal) force (Martin 625) may be the best way to intuitively commiserate that non-violence does not indicate non-acti on of total passivity in the face of aggression. such(prenominal) a distinguishableion is difficult to pin down, nevertheless it is a authoritative part of activism, partifest in the breaking of unsportsmanlike laws, and passive liberal behaviors which, if not violent, certainly imply action by the participants.In club to cast aside light on about of the more challenging chances of non-violent activism, such as the apparitional perspective, as well as investigate the potential industriousness of non-violent philosophy in modern propagation, the following brief examination of non-violent philosophy according to each leader Gandhi, fag, and Mandela, provide attempt to sketch a general idea of the similarities and differences of each leaders approach and attempt to discover if e rattling type of universal vision of non-violent philosophy can be discovered.GANDHIFor Gandhi, non-violence arises out of an total hu homosexual impulse or basic law of our being (Gandhi, an d Merton 23) such a conviction, foe Gandhi, is base not in transmitted or biological assumptions or evidence or in logistic philosophical reasoning, save in spectral ideas. For Gandhi, Ahimsa (non-violence) (Gandhi, and Merton 23) is the opposite of himsa (violence) (Gandhi, and Merton 23), and the attributes of each faculty are just as distinct. While Ahimsa can be use as the most effective principle for social action, since it is in mysterious accord with the truth of mans nature and corresponds to his innate craving for peace, judge, frame, freedom, and personal self-worth (Gandhi, and Merton 23), its opposite life force, himsa, degrades and corrupts man (Gandhi, and Merton 23) therefore to bring himsa get-up-and-go against himsa slide fastener would be to beseech fire with fire.By contrast, the application of ahimsa or non-violent energy to the problem of himsa energy heals and restores mans nature, while giving him a means to restore social order and justice (Gan dhi, and Merton 23). The important thing to remember here is that, for Gandhi, ahimsa and himsa energies are not metaphorical reflections or abstract concepts, they are living, apparitional realities. Although the capacity for ahimsa resides in each person, modern society has left gentlemans gentlemanity with a lots more desperate and disordered reliance on himsa energy.For Gandhi such an monomania of mans true capacities has resulted in a culture where violence seems to be the precise foundation of social order and is enthroned as if it were an eternal law, so that man is called upon by society to reject love (Gandhi, and Merton 43) and instead embrace a social macrocosm which is enforced by violence or by the threat of violence.To meet this himsa-driven society with ahimsa energy adn non-violence requires supreme cour era on behalf of the activistic. This extraordinary courage, according to Gandhi, is derived from GodThis courage demands nothing little(a) of the mogul to f ace death with complete fearlessness and to suffer without retaliation. much(prenominal) a program is meaningless and im realizable, Gandhi thinks, without public opinion in God.(Gandhi, and Merton 43)The implication in Gandhis ideas is that the activist or the Satyagrahi is enabled, in fact bound, by God to break the laws of man when they are unjust. The decision as to how it is determined that a law is unjust is murky and unclear, as we go forth see this same ambiguity mark both baron and Mandelas own approach to non-violent activism. The historical truth is that Gandhi do clear that each Satyagrahi was bound to resist all those laws which he considered to be unjust and which were not of a criminal character, in order to turn the Government to the will of the people (Gandhi 21) and it is this broad of numbering which comprises the active font of non-violent activism.KINGThe expression of non-violent activism by King relied as much on spiritual conviction as that of Gan dhi. This conviction brought about a similar esteem to the concept of breaking unjust laws as a method of well-mannered disobedience. King, like Gandhi, found acknowledgment for the breaking of social laws by the illusion of prophesy Power. The result was that King experienced some difficulty in making his racial and social activism truly universal, although such a confide to do so formed an underlying precept of his overall dodge for social and political change.In a rather unique twist of philosophy, King opted to not only resist unjust laws non-violently, but tor each out to his so-called opponents white racialists with language of satisfaction, good-will, and fellowship. Kings conjurys of the good to be achieved (Wolf, and Rosen) were unchewable counterparts to his criticisms of the social conditions he sought to transform.Since Kings goal was to to bring the Negro into the mainstream of American life as quickly as possible (Wolf, and Rosen) his reliance on urbane disob edience and the breaking of unjust laws by Divine justification, like Gandhis, requires a mysteriouser examination. Such revelation is possible due to Kings extensive publications in particular his Letter From a Birmingham Jail a famous archive where he addresses the cite of his fellow clergymen regarding the breaking of laws by civicized activists.The garner repeatedly salutes to a shared sense of religion King overly cites Biblical role models to bolster his argument. Responding to the criticism that his actions and the actions of his followers, even though non-violent in practice, in conclusion resulted in violence on the behalf of the white Southerners who beat and immure the protestor (and sometimes lynched or otherwise killed African Americans), King compared the fight for obliging rights with the fight of Jesus to spread the gospel.Kings appeal via religion and spirituality was ground in a zest for unity and reasonableness. While he denied accusations of limi t or of inciting violence, he admitted that the impulse for obliging rights was, by his reckoning, the will of God. King advises that the will of all people is toward freedom and equality. Oppressed people cannot remain crush forever. The yearning for freedom eventually manifests itself, and that is what has happened to the American Negro. (King)By promotion the notion that civil rights are an inevitable outgrowth of both Gods will and the flow of history, King is, in effect, offering a justification for his play and philosophies regarding civil rights.The justification for the elements of passive resistance which had led to violent face-off is excessively based in Kings ideas of justice. Kings idea is that Gods law is the highest law and that mans laws may be wiped out(p) when they obviously disagree with or even tease Gods law.With the belief that Gods jurisprudence is the highest law and that history shows that all people will struggle for freedom and liberty, and by ap pealing to the rational sense of justice and the emotional and spiritual senses of brotherhood and love, King attains justification for his actions but does not seek to frustrate or subvert laws outright.MANDELAUnlike King, Mandela called for deliberate confrontation with the forces of unconnectedheid which apposed his judgement of liberation and freedom. Although he repeatedly expressed his opinion that he was not, in fact, a racist himself, Mandelas magniloquence unlike King and Gandhis, was more polarizing (Wolf, and Rosen) for example, Mandela never attempted to appeal to whites and he sought by confrontational rhetoric coupled with non-violent activism to through bulkyer polarization to galvanize the situation to crisis levels, thereby compelling action by the international confederacy (Wolf, and Rosen) which in itself presents a divergence in thought from Gandhi and King both of whom sough reconciliation with their enemies.However, rhetoric was plain another tool in Ma ndelas non-violent philosophical approach. When, at key moments, he might adopt called for violence, in substantiality, he strove for non-violent change. he might sustain easily beat called for a violent turn over of the South African government upon his release after 27 long time in prison (Pierce 1) but rather than do so, he advocated non-violent resistance.The idea of appealing to the world community adds another dimension to the non-violent approach of activism. For Mandela, In this scenario, the international community becomes subrogated to the role of broader constituency that Mandela evoked indirectly (Wolf, and Rosen) but whose instigate and intervention turn out all important(p) to his success. Because of his sometimes volatile rhetoric, Mandela took special grapple to emphasize his desire for reconciliation across the divide of colour and repeatedly pledged himself afresh to work for a multiracial society in which all would have a secure place (Pierce 175).Conte mporary Impact of Non-Violent StrategiesDespite the contributions of great thinkers and activists like those examined in the preceding, brief discussion, the fact is contemporary society seems no less oblivious with violence than ever before. By examining the media one has the distinct impression that in the world of media and media-related technology, a great deal of concern has been expressed by both everyday observers and specialists in social-psychology over the possible negative impresss that media, and in particular media portrayals of violence, may have upon pocket-size children and youthful children.One of the most multiplex facets of the issue is the still-unknown disturb that new technologies such as 24 mo a day cable scheduling, general Internet access, and the digital age in general will have on the generation of newborn people who are presently the outset to be so overwhelmed by such widespread media and media technologies.An immersive and nearly all-pervading sense of media exists in modern homes that, in fact, the presence of media can be verbalize to form a base of reality for legion(predicate) people. It is this exact kind of blurred distinction mingled with perceived reality (based on media models and information) and reality (those aspects of life which stand apart from media and media-based models).The distinction between media-reality and reality is not always clear, particularly to undersized children and adolescent children The boundaries between reality and irreality are especially porous for small children. They are unable, through at least the age of three or four, to distinguish fact from fantasy. regular older children rarely eradicate to keep real life and vicarious experience in bulletproof compartments (Bok 1999, 38) as we will see in the following discussion.The main tint repeated viewings of media violence seems to exert over small children and adolescents is the conflation of media-violence with organic me ntal processes, m each of which exist at such a deep, primitive psychological level in humans that use of goods and services of these emotions, and psychological dispositions remains, for the most part, beyond the conscious perception of the viewer. In conclusion, although the idea of media-responsibility regarding the impact of violent programming on children and young adults is often cited by critics as a form of censorship, ample scientific evidence and look exists to establish media-violence as a certain source of negative shape on young people.The fact of the matter remains despite the right of free speech that media-reality and actual reality are non-distinct at some deep, organic level in human psychology weeks earlier the Los Angeles police officers whose roadside beating of automobilist Rodney King had been shown on TV screens the world over had been acquitted by an all-white juryIn that crisis, the boundaries between movies and reality blurred, not only for the public but also for Hollywood producers, directors, and actors who were seeing smoke rising slope beneath their hillside residences and hearing sirens call back up and down the canyons, (Bok 1999, 36) with such a confusing and agitating impact of adult professionals, what can we expect when we learn our children to the same cultural ambiguities through media?If non-violent philosophy according to Gandhi, king, and Mandela is correct therefore violence is not a norm in human society, but a constructed evil. If, as the proponents of non-violent philosophy suggest, non-violent settlement of date is the human norm as we well know from daily experience. We are not programmed in some patrimonial way to violence (Kent) than a radical re-visioning of our self-identity and self-image as human beings must take place not only in our media and in our educational facilities, but in our individual psyches as well.The applications of non-violent strategies in contemporary culture can be thought of as being as unknown as the implications of deep-space travel because even though the contributions of such historical leaders as Gandhi, King, and Mandela reveals the tremendous power of non-violent activism, the full impact of the philosophy as articulate by these men has far-reaching cultural, global-poltical, and spiritual implications which kick the bucket anything which has yet occurred in history.In other words, the pioneers of the modern incarnation of non-violent system which we have examined Gandhi, King, and Mandela represent not the inwardness of what the non-violent philosophy can or wants to attain, but the mere beginning of a global transformation which is grow not inly in the basic honorable nature of humanity, but in humanitys spiritual destiny and responsibility.Certainly individual leaders and activists continue to utilize the non-violent approach to attain important results in their areas of influence. new technology can also help individual activists to p romote change by spreading echt information regarding the repercussions of violence and the militarization of political issues. One recent example is when a 1991 massacre in the easterly Timorese capital dill was recorded on videotape and subsequently broadcast worldwide, this generated enormous birth for the resistance (Martin 625) such applications of technology by individuals represent one small but important aspect of the many avenues of potential non-violent methods of change.Other methods include educational strategies based in the ideas forwarded by Gandhi, King, and Mandela. The comprehension of the historical impact of the immensely influential strategies of non-violent change and civil disobedience will also help to inform and empower individuals who, in turn, may adopt some of the strategies and ideas reflected upon in the above discussion to help bring about social and political change through non-violent means.ConclusionThe examination of three important world-lead ers who based their activism in non-violent philosophy reveals certain universal traits among the opposite incarnations of non-violent activism. Among these universal traits is a belief in the breaking of unjust laws for the solve of bringing about social and political change. This belief is often, if not always, attended by an ambiguous but firmly articulated that such a braking of laws is based in Divine Will. Another core belief seems to be that non-violence rather than violence is, in fact, more in keeping with humanitys organic nature. This idea often results in a corresponding belief that the violence evident in human society is the result of a kind of perversion of humanitys natural attributes into an supernatural and unhealthy state.Against this backdrop, it is very difficult if not impossible to envision the philosophies of non-violent activism as we know them today as anything short of a religious and spiritual philosophy with extremely pragmatic roots in social and pol itical activism. Not only is the spiritual aspect of non-violent philosophy seemingly universal in the three historical figures canvass in this short discussion, but the attributes of spirituality embraced by non-violent activists are, in themselves, of great and abiding interest to any observer. A discussion of this aspect simply would probably reveal that the philosophy of non-violence has existed as a spiritual conviction at various times in various cultures throughout the consummate history of humanity.Works CitedBarker, Martin and Julian Petley, eds. 2001. charge Effects The Media/Violence Debate. pertly York Routledge.Bok, Sissela. 1999. havoc Violence as cosmos Entertainment. Reading, MA Perseus Books.Gandhi, M. K. Non-Violent Resistance (Satyagraha). New York Schocken Books, 1961.Gandhi, Mahatma, and doubting Thomas Merton. Gandhi on Non-Violence. New York New Directions Pub, 1965.Kent, Bruce. Non-Violence The fib of a Dangerous Idea. History Today Feb. 2007 62+.Man dela, Tambo, and the African National Congress The Struggle against Apartheid, 1948- 1990. Ed. Sheridan Johns and R. pass Davis. New York Oxford University Press, 1991.Martin, Brian. Nonviolent Futures. Futures 33.7 (2001) 625.Pierce, Victoria. A Tribute to Dr. King Civil Rights Leaders bequest of Non- Violence Is Alive almost the World. Daily Herald (Arlington Heights, IL) 29 Sept. 2006 1.Wolf, Charles, and Brian Rosen. humanity Diplomacy Lessons from King and Mandela. constitution Review (2005) 63+.Non-ViolenceWith the simultaneous proliferation of technology and global-poltical danger in the modern world, strategies for countering both political oppression, and the outbreak of political violence and war are urgently needed. Although the century which has recently slipped outside(a) the Twentieth Century may be remembered as the bloodiest in history (Martin 625), with hundreds of millions of people killed in wars and with weapons of mass destruction being invented, built, deployed and further refined (Martin 625) during the same century when state-sponsored genocide and terrorism became commonly known quantities.Against this backdrop of chaos, war, and an increasingly dangerous technological landscape, the philosophy of non-violence, or passive resistance, gained an historical currency which is still unmatched. The activities of important leaders like Gandhi, King, and Mandela revealed the truly earth-changing, paradigm shifting potential of non-violence resistance as a method for seizing social initiative and political power. Because of the actions of these three important leaders. plus a host of other lesser-known figures, and the action of millions of ordinary activists, it can be argued that the rise of nonviolent action was one of the most important developments of the century (Martin 625), and one which has tremendous potential for application in todays difficult and complex political world.While it is true enough that Gandhi, King, and Mandela over similar models of non-violent leadership and that key tenants of what might be termed a universal sense of non-violence pervade each leaders philosophies, distinct differences are also recognizable when a comparison of the three leaders ideas, activities, and accomplishments is carried out. Such a study of similarities and differences in the philosophies and actions of these important leaders is crucial to understanding how the philosophy of non-violence may be applied in modern times as an antidote to the dangerous and oppressive climate that threatens much of the world. As noted, Nonviolent action including methods such as rallies, strikes, boycotts and sit-ins has become increasingly important in the past century as a method for waging conflict and promoting social change (Martin 625) and due to the urgent pressure caused by modern political and social challenges such as terrorism, global warming, the protection of human rights and religious freedom, adapting past approac hes of non-violent action to present-day challenges may be beneficial.Non-violent activism may, in fact, help bring about important social changes Some areas for prox expansion of the role of nonviolent action include replacing war machine defence, technological design, challenging capitalism, bureaucratic politics, information struggles and interpersonal behaviour (Martin 625) the intimation of non-violence as an all-pervading philosophy applicable throughout the full strata of political and social issues may sound grandiose, but as we will see, this idea is actually a core-concept for the three leaders in our study.In this regard, non-violent philosophy takes it roots not in social, political or philosophical idea, but in spiritual convictions or even, spiritual revelation. An abstraction of nonviolence principles, building on the core dynamic of political jiu-jitsu in contexts where the opponent does not use forcible force (Martin 625) may be the best way to intuitively unde rstand that non-violence does not indicate non-action of total passivity in the face of aggression. Such a distinction is difficult to pin down, but it is a crucial part of activism, manifest in the breaking of unjust laws, and passive kind behaviors which, if not violent, certainly imply action by the participants.In order to shake light on some of the more challenging aspects of non-violent activism, such as the spiritual aspect, as well as investigate the potential application of non-violent philosophy in modern times, the following brief examination of non-violent philosophy according to each leader Gandhi, King, and Mandela, will attempt to sketch a general idea of the similarities and differences of each leaders approach and attempt to discover if any type of universal vision of non-violent philosophy can be discovered.For Gandhi, non-violence arises out of an organic human impulse or basic law of our being (Gandhi, and Merton 23) such a conviction, foe Gandhi, is based not in genetic or biological assumptions or evidence or in logistical philosophical reasoning, but in spiritual ideas. For Gandhi, Ahimsa (non-violence) (Gandhi, and Merton 23) is the opposite of himsa (violence) (Gandhi, and Merton 23), and the attributes of each energy are just as distinct. While Ahimsa can be used as the most effective principle for social action, since it is in deep accord with the truth of mans nature and corresponds to his innate desire for peace, justice, order, freedom, and personal gravitas (Gandhi, and Merton 23), its opposite energy, himsa, degrades and corrupts man (Gandhi, and Merton 23) therefore to bring himsa energy against himsa energy would be to fight fire with fire.By contrast, the application of ahimsa or non-violent energy to the problem of himsa energy heals and restores mans nature, while giving him a means to restore social order and justice (Gandhi, and Merton 23). The important thing to remember here is that, for Gandhi, ahimsa and himsa ene rgies are not metaphorical reflections or abstract concepts, they are living, spiritual realities. Although the capacity for ahimsa resides in each person, modern society has left humanity with a much more desperate and disordered reliance on himsa energy. For Gandhi such an hallucination of mans true capacities has resulted in a culture where violence seems to be the very foundation of social order and is enthroned as if it were an eternal law, so that man is called upon by society to reject love (Gandhi, and Merton 43) and instead embrace a social reality which is enforced by violence or by the threat of violence.To meet this himsa-driven society with ahimsa energy adn non-violence requires supreme courage on behalf of the activist. This extraordinary courage, according to Gandhi, is derived from GodThis courage demands nothing short of the index to face death with complete fearlessness and to suffer without retaliation. Such a program is meaningless and impossible, Gandhi think s, without belief in God.The implication in Gandhis ideas is that the activist or the Satyagrahi is enabled, in fact bound, by God to break the laws of man when they are unjust. The decision as to how it is determined that a law is unjust is murky and unclear, as we will see this same ambiguity tag both King and Mandelas own approach to non-violent activism. The historical truth is that Gandhi made clear that each Satyagrahi was bound to resist all those laws which he considered to be unjust and which were not of a criminal character, in order to grow the Government to the will of the people (Gandhi 21) and it is this kind of twisting which comprises the active aspect of non-violent activism.The expression of non-violent activism by King relied as much on spiritual conviction as that of Gandhi. This conviction brought about a similar adhesion to the concept of breaking unjust laws as a method of civil disobedience. King, like Gandhi, found justification for the breaking of social laws by the invocation of Divine Power. The result was that King experienced some difficulty in making his racial and social activism truly universal, although such a desire to do so formed an underlying precept of his overall dodging for social and political change. In a rather unique twist of philosophy, King opted to not only resist unjust laws non-violently, but tor each out to his so-called opponents white racists with language of reconciliation, good-will, and fellowship. Kings invocations of the good to be achieved (Wolf, and Rosen) were powerful counterparts to his criticisms of the social conditions he sought to transform.Since Kings goal was to to bring the Negro into the mainstream of American life as quickly as possible (Wolf, and Rosen) his reliance on civil disobedience and the breaking of unjust laws by Divine justification, like Gandhis, requires a deeper examination. Such revelation is possible due to Kings extensive writings in particular his Letter From a Birming ham Jail a famous document where he addresses the concern of his fellow clergymen regarding the breaking of laws by civil activists. The letter repeatedly appeals to a shared sense of religion King also cites Biblical examples to bolster his argument. Responding to the criticism that his actions and the actions of his followers, even though non-violent in practice, ultimately resulted in violence on the behalf of the white Southerners who beat and jailed the protestor (and sometimes lynched or otherwise killed African Americans), King compared the fight for civil rights with the fight of Jesus to spread the gospel.Kings appeal via religion and spirituality was based in a desire for unity and understanding. While he denied accusations of extremity or of inciting violence, he admitted that the impulse for civil rights was, by his reckoning, the will of God. King advises that the will of all people is toward freedom and equality. Oppressed people cannot remain oppressed forever. The y earning for freedom eventually manifests itself, and that is what has happened to the American Negro. (King) By forwarding the notion that civil rights are an inevitable outgrowth of both Gods will and the flow of history, King is, in effect, offering a justification for his tactics and philosophies regarding civil rights.The justification for the elements of passive resistance which had led to violent confrontation is also based in Kings ideas of justice. Kings idea is that Gods law is the highest law and that mans laws may be broken when they obviously disagree with or even insult Gods law.With the belief that Gods Law is the highest law and that history shows that all people will struggle for freedom and liberty, and by appealing to the rational sense of justice and the emotional and spiritual senses of brotherhood and love, King attains justification for his actions but does not seek to evade or subvert laws outright.Unlike King, Mandela called for deliberate confrontation with the forces of apartheid which apposed his view of liberation and freedom. Although he repeatedly expressed his opinion that he was not, in fact, a racist himself, Mandelas rhetoric unlike King and Gandhis, was more polarizing (Wolf, and Rosen) for example, Mandela never attempted to appeal to whites and he sought by confrontational rhetoric coupled with non-violent activism to through greater polarization to galvanize the situation to crisis levels, thereby compelling action by the international community (Wolf, and Rosen) which in itself presents a divergence in thought from Gandhi and King both of whom sough reconciliation with their enemies.However, rhetoric was simply another tool in Mandelas non-violent philosophical approach. When, at key moments, he might have called for violence, in actuality, he strove for non-violent change. he might have easily have called for a violent overthrow of the South African government upon his release after 27 years in prison (Pierce 1) but rat her than do so, he advocated non-violent resistance. The idea of appealing to the world community adds another dimension to the non-violent approach of activism. For Mandela, In this scenario, the international community becomes subrogated to the role of broader constituency that Mandela evoked indirectly (Wolf, and Rosen) but whose support and intervention proved crucial to his success. Because of his sometimes volatile rhetoric, Mandela took special care to emphasize his desire for reconciliation across the divide of colour and repeatedly pledged himself anew to work for a multiracial society in which all would have a secure place (Pierce 175).Contemporary Impact of Non-Violent StrategiesDespite the contributions of great thinkers and activists like those examined in the preceding, brief discussion, the fact is contemporary society seems no less preoccupied with violence than ever before. By examining the media one has the distinct impression that in the world of media and media-r elated technology, a great deal of concern has been expressed by both everyday observers and specialists in social-psychology over the possible negative impacts that media, and in particular media portrayals of violence, may have upon small children and adolescent children. One of the most complex facets of the issue is the still-unknown impact that new technologies such as 24 hour a day cable programming, widespread Internet access, and the digital age in general will have on the generation of young people who are presently the first to be so overwhelmed by such widespread media and media technologies.An immersive and nearly all-pervading sense of media exists in modern homes that, in fact, the presence of media can be said to form a basis of reality for many people. It is this exact kind of blurred distinction between perceived reality (based on media models and information) and reality (those aspects of life which stand apart from media and media-based models). The distinction be tween media-reality and reality is not always clear, particularly to small children and adolescent children The boundaries between reality and unreality are especially permeable for small children. They are unable, through at least the age of three or four, to distinguish fact from fantasy. Even older children rarely manage to keep real life and vicarious experience in watertight compartments (Bok 1999, 38) as we will see in the following discussion.The main impact repeated viewings of media violence seems to exert over small children and adolescents is the conflation of media-violence with organic psychological processes, many of which exist at such a deep, primitive psychological level in humans that manipulation of these emotions, and psychological dispositions remains, for the most part, beyond the conscious perception of the viewer. In conclusion, although the idea of media-responsibility regarding the impact of violent programming on children and young adults is often cited by critics as a form of censorship, ample scientific evidence and research exists to establish media-violence as a certain source of negative influence on young people.The fact of the matter remains despite the right of free speech that media-reality and actual reality are non-distinct at some deep, organic level in human psychology weeks earlier the Los Angeles police officers whose roadside beating of motorist Rodney King had been shown on TV screens the world over had been acquitted by an all-white juryIn that crisis, the boundaries between movies and reality blurred, not only for the public but also for Hollywood producers, directors, and actors who were seeing smoke rising beneath their hillside residences and hearing sirens echo up and down the canyons, (Bok 1999, 36) with such a confusing and agitating impact of adult professionals, what can we expect when we expose our children to the same cultural ambiguities through media?If non-violent philosophy according to Gandhi, king, and Mandela is correct then violence is not a norm in human society, but a constructed evil. If, as the proponents of non-violent philosophy suggest, non-violent settlement of conflict is the human norm as we well know from daily experience. We are not programmed in some genetic way to violence (Kent) than a radical re-visioning of our self-identity and self-image as human beings must take place not only in our media and in our educational facilities, but in our individual psyches as well.The applications of non-violent strategies in contemporary culture can be thought of as being as unknown as the implications of deep-space travel because even though the contributions of such historical leaders as Gandhi, King, and Mandela reveals the tremendous power of non-violent activism, the full impact of the philosophy as articulated by these men has far-reaching cultural, global-poltical, and spiritual implications which surpass anything which has yet occurred in history. In other words, t he pioneers of the modern incarnation of non-violent strategy which we have examined Gandhi, King, and Mandela represent not the totality of what the non-violent philosophy can or wants to attain, but the mere beginning of a global transformation which is rooted not inly in the basic moral nature of humanity, but in humanitys spiritual destiny and responsibility.Certainly individual leaders and activists continue to utilize the non-violent approach to attain important results in their areas of influence. Modern technology can also help individual activists to promote change by spreading honest information regarding the repercussions of violence and the militarization of political issues. One recent example is when a 1991 massacre in the East Timorese capital Dill was recorded on videotape and subsequently broadcast worldwide, this generated enormous support for the resistance (Martin 625) such applications of technology by individuals represent one small but important aspect of the many avenues of potential non-violent methods of change.Other methods include educational strategies based in the ideas forwarded by Gandhi, King, and Mandela. The recognition of the historical impact of the immensely influential strategies of non-violent change and civil disobedience will also help to inform and empower individuals who, in turn, may adopt some of the strategies and ideas reflected upon in the above discussion to help bring about social and political change through non-violent means.ConclusionThe examination of three important world-leaders who based their activism in non-violent philosophy reveals certain universal traits among the different incarnations of non-violent activism. Among these universal traits is a belief in the breaking of unjust laws for the purpose of bringing about social and political change. This belief is often, if not always, accompanied by an ambiguous but firmly articulated that such a braking of laws is based in Divine Will. Another core be lief seems to be that non-violence rather than violence is, in fact, more in keeping with humanitys organic nature. This idea often results in a corresponding belief that the violence evident in human society is the result of a kind of perversion of humanitys natural attributes into an unnatural and unhealthy state.Against this backdrop, it is very difficult if not impossible to envision the philosophies of non-violent activism as we know them today as anything short of a religious and spiritual philosophy with extremely pragmatic roots in social and political activism. Not only is the spiritual aspect of non-violent philosophy seemingly universal in the three historical figures studied in this short discussion, but the attributes of spirituality embraced by non-violent activists are, in themselves, of great and abiding interest to any observer. A discussion of this aspect alone would probably reveal that the philosophy of non-violence has existed as a spiritual conviction at variou s times in various cultures throughout the entire history of humanity.Works CitedBarker, Martin and Julian Petley, eds. 2001. Ill Effects The Media/Violence Debate. New York Routledge.Bok, Sissela. 1999. Mayhem Violence as Public Entertainment. Reading, MA Perseus Books.Gandhi, M. K. Non-Violent Resistance (Satyagraha). New York Schocken Books, 1961.Gandhi, Mahatma, and Thomas Merton. Gandhi on Non-Violence. New York New Directions Pub, 1965.Kent, Bruce. Non-Violence The History of a Dangerous Idea. History Today Feb. 2007 62+.Mandela, Tambo, and the African National Congress The Struggle against Apartheid, 1948- 1990. Ed. Sheridan Johns and R. Hunt Davis. New York Oxford University Press, 1991.Martin, Brian. Nonviolent Futures. Futures 33.7 (2001) 625.Pierce, Victoria. A Tribute to Dr. King Civil Rights Leaders Legacy of Non- Violence Is Alive around the World. Daily Herald (Arlington Heights, IL) 29 Sept. 2006 1.Wolf, Charles, and Brian Rosen. Public Diplomacy Lessons from King and Mandela. Policy Review (2005) 63+.

Life Easier Today Than It Was 50 Years Ago Essay

When you deliver a paper, you give some information that you have read in books, journals, on the Internet, etcetera Your t individuallyer might have t one-time(a) you, Use your own rowing. In early(a)wise words, even when you substance abuse some 1 elses information, you argon non bothowed to use the words they wrote. You have to use your own. You have to say the same social occasion in a different expressive style. This is called paraphrasing.For example, if the book you are reading from says, illusion Adams, who was touch on in winning independence for the United States, was the second President. You terminatenot write those words in your paper. You dismissnot even write, John Adams, a globe involved in winning independence for the United States, was its second President. One air that you could re-write it is to say, The second Ameri offer President, John Adams, was also influential in gaining independence for the country.However, in spite of being told to use yo ur own words, you might not know how to do it. T present are a variety of techniques you can use. You can modification the words for words of similar meaning you can convince the grammar you can change the grammar or grammatical forms. In this reading, you forget learn about ways that you can para enounce.Methods of ParaphrasingBefore you even engender to paraphrase, you need to make certain that you understand what you are reading. If you do not understand what you read, you cannot paraphrase it.There are six ways that you can change times to paraphrase the information. You bequeath probably not use all of them in the same sentence, but you can use ones that are appropriate. (In each of the examples, only one change is made. This is not enough if you are rattling paraphrasing.) Read about each type of change, and look at the examples. because make that type of change in the sample sentences that follow.Changing countersignature OrderOne way you can change a sentence for pa raphrasing is to change the word order. For example, you might change Because I slept too late, I missed my first variety to I missed my first class because I slept too late, or In order to pass that class, I had to study very demanding to I had to study very hard in order to pass that class. It is sometimes necessary to change the formulate of the split of the sentences. For example, Terry wanted more than books, but he couldnt afford them, can be changed to Terry couldnt afford more books, even though he wanted them.1. If youre going to reinvigorated York for Christmas, be sure to take lovesome clothes. __Be sure to take warm clothes, if youre going to New York for Christmas.___________ ________________________________________________________________________________2. Even though the w extinguishher was good, Joan was in a bad mood. ___Joan was in a bad mood, even though the weather was good._____________________ _____________________________________________________________ ___________________3. I had no money, so I borrowed some.__I borrowed some money, because I had none._____________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________Changing Parts of SpeechYou can also change parts of speech. If the sentence uses a noun, you can rewrite the sentence to use the verb or adjective form of the word, for example. You can change Fifty-four men gestural the firmness of purpose of Independence to Fifty-four men put their signatures on the Declaration of Independence.1. The company needs to find a solution for this problem.__The company needs to solve this problem.______________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 2. The poor thrift has been the cause of high unemployment. ___The poor economy has caused high unemployment.______________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 3. If you eat rabbit, you will find its taste like chicken. __If you eat rabbit, you will find it tastes like chicken.______________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________Using SynonymsEnglish has many synonyms words that have the same or similar meanings so another way you can paraphrase is to change one word for a synonym. For example, you could change Movies can be dissever into three categories to Movies can be divided into three types.1. The way a person dresses affects the impression that other the great unwashed have. __ The way a person dresses influences the image that other people have.___ ________________________________________________________________________________ 2. That phrase means in a happy way.___That style means in a cheerful way._____________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________3. There is little chance that the situation will improve. ___There is little possibility that the circumstances will get better.__________________ ________________________________________________________________________________Using Negatives or Opposite ExpressionsAnother way to paraphrase is to change a collateral expression into a negative expression, or a negative expression into a positive expression. You could change Rather than phaseing a traditional memorial, the city built a park to The city did not build a traditional memorial instead it built a park.1. Shaun was disappointed, because the video wasnt very good. ___Shaun wasnt satisfied, because the movie wasnt very good.______________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 2. lacquer is not a small country, compared to European countries. __Japan is a large country, compared to European countries.________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Geri wanted some candy, but there wasnt any in the bowl. __Geri wanted some candy, but the bowl was empty.________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________Combining or Separating Sentences enormous sentences can be divided, and short sentences can be combined with other short sentences. You can change Ireland is a wonderful country, which has beautiful scenery, well-disposed people, and an enkindle hi report to Ireland is a wonderful country. It has beautiful scenery, cozy people, and an enkindle history. You can also change Ireland is a wonderful country. It has beautiful scenery, friendly people, and an interesting history to Ireland, which is a wonderful country, has beautiful scenery, friendly people, and an interesting history.1. Elizabeth I was the daughter of Henry VIII. She is one of Englands most notable queens. __Elizabeth I, who was the daughter of Henry VIII, was one of Englands most________ __famous queens.__________________ ______________________________________________ 2. This book is about a woman who pretended to be a man to join the array in World War II. It is one of Lynns favorite books. ___This book, which is one of Lynns favorites, is about a woman who pretended to___ ___be a man to join the army in World War II.______________________________________ 3. If you go to London, you should be sure to call Westminster Abbey, where many of the kings and queens of England, as well as other famous people, are buried. __If you go to London, you should be sure to visit Westminster Abbey. Many kings and_ __queens of England are buried there. Other famous people are buried there, too.______Using Different Grammar Structure, VoiceYou can paraphrase by changing the grammar of a sentence, for example, but changing from active voice (The cut through bit the man) to passive voice (The man was bitten by the cut across) or by making other changes in the grammar. You can change It is not unusual for June to be a rainy month here to June is often a rainy month here, or It is thought that this smart plan will save money to Many people take that this new plan will save money.1. Various languages are verbalize in this country.__The people of this country speak various languages._______________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Frank examine French, and, as a result, he translated for our visitors from France. __Frank could translate for our visitors from France, because he had studied French.__ ________________________________________________________________________________ 3. gobbler McGovern got married three times and had five children. ___Tom McGovern had three wives and was the father of five._______________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ actionRead the following sentences and paraphrase them, combining the techniques that you learned in this article. 1. kapu t(p) with the Wind, which was published in 1936, covered 12 years of the life of a woman named Scarlett OHara during and after the civilised War. It began when she was 16 year old and tells the story of her love for two men. ___Published in 1936, Gone with the Wind was the story of Scarlett OHara and the___ ___two men she loved. It covers Scarletts life from the time she was 16 until she was__ ___28, during the Civil War and the years that followed.____________________________

Sunflower Incorporated

helianthus Incorporated is a large distribution play along with over 5,000 employees and gross gross sales over $700 million in 1991. The association purchases and distributes salty snack foods and liquor to independent retail stores throughout the get together States and Canada. Salty snack foods include corn chips, potato chips, cheese curls, tortilla chips, and peanuts. The linked States and Canada are divided into 22 components, severally with its own central wareho procedure, salespeople, finance department, and purchasing department.The organization distributes national as well as topical anaesthetic brands and packages some items under private labels. The head office set aheads distributively regions to be autonomous be font of local tastes and practices. The northeast United States, for example, consumes a dandyer persona of Canadian whisky and American bourbon, while the West consumes more unwarranted liquors, such as vodka, gin, and rum. Snack foods in the Sou thwest are a good deal seasoned to reflect Mexican tastes. Early in 1989, helianthus began use a financial reporting system that compared sales, costs, and profits across regions. circumspection was surprised to learn that profits varied widely. By 1990, the differences was so great that management decided some standardization was necessary. They believed that highly profitable regions were sometimes using lower-quality items, even seconds, to boost profit margins. The practice could hurt Sunflowers image. Other regions were facing intense value competition in order to hold market share. National distributors were pushing hard to growing their market share.Frito-Lay, Bordens, Nabisco, Procter & Gamble (Pringles), and Standard Brands (Planters peanuts) were pushing hard to add market share by cutting prices and launching upstart products. As these problems accumulated, Mr. steelman, president of Sunflower, decided to create a new position to manage set and purchasing practi ces. Agnes Albanese was hired from the finance department of a competing organization. Her new title was director of pricing and purchasing, and she reported to the vice president of finance, Mr. Mobley.Steelman and Mobley gave Albanese great freedom in organizing her job and encouraged her to establish whatsoever rules and procedures were necessary. She was also encouraged to gather information from distributively region. Each region was notified of her appoinment by an official memo sent to the regional managers. A assume of the memo was posted on each warehouse bulletin board. The annunciation was also made in the compevery newspaper. After 3 weeks on the job, Albanese decided that pricing and purchasing decisions should be standardized across regions.As a first step, she wanted the financial executive in each regions to notify her of any substitute in local prices of more than 3%. She also decided that all new contracts for local purchases of more than $5,000 should be clear ed through her office. Albanese believed that the only way to standardize operations was for each region to notify the home office in advance of any change in prices or purchases. Albanese disputeed the proposed policy with Mobley. He agreed, so they submitted a formal proposal to the president and board of directors, who approved the plan.Sunflower was moving into the peak holiday season, so Albanese wanted to implement the new procedures by rights away. She decided to send an telecommunicate to the financial and purchasing executives in each region notifying them of the new procedures. The change would be inserted in all policy and procedure manuals thorughout Sunflower within 4 months. Albanese showed a draft of the email to Mobley and invited his comments. Mobley said the Internet was an excellent idea but it was not sufficient. The regions embrace hundreds of items and were utilise to decentralized decision making.Mobley suggested that Albanese ought to visit the regions and discuss purchasing and pricing policies with the executives. Albanese refused, saying that the trips would be expensive and time-consuming. She had so many things to do at headquarters that a trip was impossible. Mobley also suggested waiting to implement the procedures until later the annual company meeting 3 months. Albanese said this would cultivate to a fault long be contract the procedures would not take effect until after the peak sales season. She believed the procedures were needed now. The email went out the next day.During the next few days, replies came in from most of the regions. The executives were in agreement with the email and said they would be laughing(prenominal) to cooperate. Eight weeks later, Albanese had not received notices from any regions close to local price or purchase change. Other executives who had visited regional warehouses indicated to her that the regions were busy as usual. regional executives seemed to be following usual procedures for that time of year. Albanese might analyze what the cause of the ineffective organizationl changes, and she might done variedly.Albanese should do something now. From the case above, we now that the cause of the ineffective organization changes are first, response to changes programs were less enthusiastic. The regional executives was not give their opinions, critics, and participation in developing the programs. Their enthusiastic have showed bonnie in the next few days from the email about the resolve the changes programs was sent. But, there was no enthusiastic in 2 months later. Seconds, the changes program may be agreed by regional executives but were perceived as not in top priority.The regional offices might face the different various problems because of local market characteristics and practices, and they made the priority rank of the problems and opposite implementations differently. Third, the changes programs seemed to be not well planned. Because the programs built on the Albanese perceptions of the expensiveness and time-consume. Fourth, entropy congregation was not conducted properly. So, Albanese was not capture the sure problems and how to solve it efficiently and instituzionalizing the interventions.Fifth, data analysis was done inappropriately, no follow-up actions were taken to confirm the real problems. The actions wasnt conducted by accurate data analysis. Sixth, no opportunity was tending(p) to regional executives to participate in the change programs. The email procedure was not give the regional executives to build a feedback, and report the implementation problems they faced. Seventh, bound time was avaible to implement the change. Eighth, socialization was done via email only indicated that lateralisation strategy was implemented, feeding back process was less effective.So, the organization should take change actions building on the cause of the ineffective organizational changes. The Sunflower could be done 1. Improving t he planning process. Sunflower can use the general model of planned change for the Organizational Change and Develoment theory. The quatern activites in the planning process (entering and contracting, diagnosing, planning and implementing, and evaluating and institutionalizing) can be used to describe how to take changes in Sunflower. 2. Visiting regions to gather (and confirm) the data, offer the changes program, encourage participation, and build commitment.The head office and regional office can discuss together how to plan the changes programs and how well implement it. The commitment for to implement the change continually should be increased. 3. Allocate reasonable time frame for socialization, novelty process (process in the organizational change and development when the performance diminish because of the implementation of the changes programs before it result the more effective and increase in the performance), feeding back to improve the changes programs, and provide op portunities to regions executives to speak up, 4.Implement the changes at the (more) appropriate time (not it busy season). It is important to diagnose the best bit for implementation of the changes programs. 5. Actively monitor the implementation and evaluate periodically and accurately. Feedback about interventions results provides information about whether the change should be continued, modified, or suspended.

New Quick Test Method for Hazardous Waste

The main reason is the do in contained chemical elements that belonged to separate drive off and went unnoticed. Among the these wastes, there ere nearly unidentified ones mixed in some identified wastes were mixed into different kind of wastes by carelessness. Both mixtures augment the uncertainty which contributes to exhaust ventings beyond the safe limitation and low slaying of cement. The mixture, however, is hard to avoid because there are serial possibilities.Making sure the bar of chemical elements which can heavily influence emission and quality not beyond limitation is an economic choice. That needs to monitor the chemical elements of waste instantly during the co-processing. 3 Details of the solution Increasing the frequency of bad waste testing is the reasonable choice. That means we need to acquire a refreshing method to test the elements of waste quickly and cheaply imputable to the fact that the traditional method cannot meet the requirement of speed or cost. First of all, we should identify the main elements that highly relate to emission and cement performance. import of all, we should configure which kind of element is frequently mixed with other waste. third gear of all, increase the new method for individual elements. Finally, we should combine all these new testing method to a cage and compile software package to calculate, fuck off and control co-processing not beyond safe limitation. Benefits of the solutions After having these abilities, we will engender several profits. The potential risk can also be controlled effectively.What is more, the subject of co-processing raving mad waste can be increased more than 30% without investing other co-processing line, it may save a huge quantity of money. Furthermore, these abilities may become the national standard, which will be our technique defense team to other competitors and may become our new business to provide to other costumers. Schedule for implementing the solution Fin d out the main elements that influence the emission and cement, and then confirm which kind of waste includes these elements and their existing styles, such as, constituent(a) or inorganic.Find out the co-processing limitation of these elements under the safety 4 conditions( Reiterate,Melanin. M. C. , &Tokheim, 2013). This human body will dwell three to five months. The second phase is to develop the quick testing method for the main elements and will last fractional year or even more. The final phase is to compile the software to calculate and simulate the co-processing ND test this software and will last three months. 5 Reference Reiterate. W. K. H, Melanin. M. C. , &Tokheim. (2013).Optimum feeding rate of solid hazardous waste in a cement kiln burner. International Journal of aptitude and 777-786. Auber. J. E, Huston. B, & Sacrament. N. (2006). Utilization of municipal solid waste incineration ( get away) fly ash in blended cement Part 1 Processing and characterization of MI SS fly ash. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Bal 36,624-631. Auber. J. E, Huston. B, & Sacrament. N. (2007). Utilization of municipal solid waste incineration (MISS) fly ash in blended cement Part 2 Mechanical strength of mortars and environmental impact.

Victorian Literature: Anglo-American Feminism, French Feminism

ssignment Title comparing and Assess at least 2 of the following approaches in womens liberationist theory, with illustration from two of the puritanical texts you shit studied Anglo-Ameri posterior feminist movement french Feminism Socialist or bolshy Feminism feminist approaches influenced by Foucault. I decl ar that this is my get hold up and that I arrest followed the code of academic good conduct and wee-wee sought, where necessary, advice and guidance in the proper presentation of my work. Sig record Date Compare and Assess at least two of the following approaches in feminist theory, with illustration from two of the puritanical texts you constitute studied Anglo-American Feminism French Feminism Socialist or Marxist Feminism Feminist Approaches influenced by Foucault. Feminist theory like psychoanalytic theory is relatively neo in its creation. The immergence of feminist literary theories can be linked to the bring out banish of fe mannish political upri infe rnog in the early ordinal snow.The French Revolution marked the beginning of a fight for the obtaining of womens rights to index finger and equality in society. Elaine Showalter comments that the ideological socially acceptable suck in of niminy-piminy women as a whole can be seen as prescribe a woman who would be a Perfect Lady, an Angel in the Ho employ, contently submissive to men, but strong in inner purity and religiosity, milksop in her own realm of the Home. (Victorian Womens Poets, rogue 13)Feminist theory is segregated into recognise imagine points of feminism as a whole French Feminism analyses literature from a perspective of a psychoanalytic view, drawing upon the work of Lacan to highlight view points. It helps to analyse the ways in which women are positioned in society in the text and how they can be perceive to be cut downed. Marxist Feminism takes its inspiration from how the women can be perceived to be oppressed in literature. American feminism anal yses literature from a textual expressive view point. altogether feminist out looks throw away their issues which provide flaws into their argument. To be sure, most feminist thinkers today assume that nurture, at the very least, qualifies nature. Recently, however, a number of postgeomorphologicist theorists deploying both male and womanish signatures put up claimed that there is no sexual urgeed reality, that the concepts of man and woman are, as some would cast it, always already fictive since human identity is itself a tenuous, textually produced epiphenomenon. (No Mans Land. rapscallionxv).Wuthering high by Emily Bronti provided feminist critics with a canvas of a examples of marginally autobiographical Victorian gynocentrism. The production of text from a woman, looking at the fierceness placed on the egg-producing(prenominal) place in the history of the text, the structural placing of women and the thematic view of women in the text. Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar argue that women sources such as Emily Bronti had been gobped into the billets that society has manipulated, as they were trapped against the patriarchal view of the angel of the house.However even thought there is a desire for this view to be usurped, Bronte still curtails herself to societys expectations by debilitating and eventually killing away of the strong rebellious charcter of Catherine, emphasising her own fear of what the female form in which she was writing. Gilbert and Gubars reading of Wuthering Heights classes it as a A rule book of Hell. (Gilbert, S & Gubar, S. Mad woman in the attic) The classification of Wuthering heights as a living brilliance is created in type by the Byronic sub of Heathcliff.Although Gilbert and Gubar look into the curtailment of women be confined to the house, trapped into fortitude by domesticity, Wuthering Heights provides Catherine with her own sense of control where she can break social confinements. Yet Catherine chooses to be confined by domesticity and social patriarchate by marrying Edgar Linton. Bronte does however portray the confusion Catherine feels in making her pick between what she desires and what is socially expected You love Mr Edgar because he is handsome, and young, and cheerful, and rich and loves you. The last, however, goes for vigor You would love him without that, probably, and with it, you wouldnt, unless he possessed the four former attr exertions. (Wuthering Heights, scallywag 119)Through the use of the mo generation Cathy, Bronte allows the correction from cultural to natural choice to be make via the successful relationship between Cathy and Hareton.Kristeva comments on the text presses the linguistic sign to its limits, the semiotic is fluid, plural, a kind of pleasurable creative extravagance over precise meaning and it takes sadistic delight in destroying or negating such signs. (Literary Theory an introduction). The dual nature of narration in the raw serves thematic purposes, in that both provide commentary on the role of women in society. The feminist nature of the novel can be seen done Lockwoods comments on the success of Nellys fib story telling.Bronte manipulates the Victorian view that women have innate frailty and makes a parody out if the view by portraying Catherines illness as a strength in which she is manipulating those nigh her through Nellys perception I wasted no condolences on miss, nor whatever expostulations on my mistress, not did I pay attention to the sighs of my master, who yearned to hear his ladys name, since he might not hear her voice. (Wuthering Heights, page 158) Catherines subsequent illness shows itself in the form of a disillusioned madness.Brontes use of this madness is to offer uncloudedness to the social structure that the very cultural expectations of Catherine are the things that cause the feared roughshod nature to develop This feather was picked up from the heath, the bird was shot we see its nes t in the winter, full of little skeletons. Heathcliff set a trap over it, and the old ones dare not come. I made him bargain hed never shoot a lapwing, after that, and he didnt. Yes, here are more Did he shoot my lapwings, Nelly? Are they red, any of them? Let me look. (Wuthering Heights, Page 160) Gilbert and Gubar view Catherines imprisonment in Thrushcross Grange as the reason for her being trapped into a feminine madness Imprisonment leads to madness, solipsism, paralysis starvation both in the modern sense of malnutrition and the old Miltonic sense of freeze (to starve in ice) leads to weakness, immobility and death. (Rylance, Page 253) Catherines embracing of Victorian societal views that kept her from being with Heathcliff. Included in these views are the expectations of women.It is important to job because the awareness of social standing and gender in this example prevent true love prevailing. Bronte also argues that Catherines inability to resist social emulation is reflective of the oppressive power of the social structure of the Victorian society. Bronte feminises Lockwood by giving him the typically female characteristic of frailty, according to Beth Newman Lockwoods supine passivity (he is bed ridden during most of her narrative) suggests that he is in the feminine position with rate to Nellys controlling gaze. (Gender, Narration and Gaze in Wuthering Heights, Page 1034). Emily Bronte portrays Hareton as a model man who does not fear women but does not repress them either, this is marked through his not hiding away from Cathys advancesHelene Cixous has written that the medusa who has terrorized the male subject, looked at straight on, is actually beautiful and Laughing Bronte has uncannily anticipated Cixouss analysis of the masculine fear of the womans gaze in suggesting that Hareton, solely among the male characters in the novel, is able to laugh back. (Gender, Narration and Gaze in Wuthering Heights, Page 1037). The splitting and f ragmentation of Catherines feminine desire through the deprivation of a stable identity, she is Catherine Earnshaw, Catherine Heathcliff and Catherine Linton at the same time. The theme of heaven and hell is prevalent most through Heath cliffs representation as a satanic wild figure that should be feared. Bronte links Heathcliff to the wildness of nature through his name he becomes one with the heath surrounding the heights.Catherine expresses her own desire to be associated with Heathcliff through If I were in Heaven, Nelly, I should be extremely miserable. Because you are not fit to go there, I answered. all(a) sinners would be miserable in heaven. I was only going to utter that heaven did not seem to be my home and it broke my kindling with weeping to come back to earth and the angels were so angry that they flung me out, into the place of the heath on the top of Wuthering Heights, where I woke sobbing for joy. (Wuthering Heights, Page 121) Bronte uses the binary program program opposition to emphasise Catherines ideal of Heaven being Heathcliff.Yet cod to the confinement of social expectation Catherine turns her back on Heaven and places herself in the Hell that is Thrushcross Grange causing a fragmented version of herself to become her existence. Kristeva comments on Wuthering Heights lack of ability to have a simplistic narrative form, there is a use of multiple genres to create the complex binary oppositions. The use of the re-emergence of the choice between patriarchy and desire through Cathy has the heading of articulating the mother-child relation as a site for both affirm the archaic force of the pre-oedipal, which although repressed is thus also preserved.Both affirm the fluid, polymorphic perverse status of libidinal drives and both evoke a series of sites of bodily pleasure capable of resisting the demands of the symbolic order. (Jacques Lacan A feminist Introduction, Page 149) Thus, although Wuthering Heights ends in cosy domesticit y, the gaps in its enunciation express a feminist resistance to the patriarchal order in which its story partly acquiesces for the narrative undercuts the condition of its own telling even while implicating them in specular economy that fetishizes and appropriates women. (Gender, Narration and Gaze in Wuthering Heights, Page 1039)Christina Rossettis imp market place expresses the frustrations from enforced female passivity, articulating bitterness about being the second sex, and the limitations on female potential this is evident through out the poem, culminating as two women become what Victorian patriarchy predetermines, wives and mothers. hob Market shows women in social relations, in grocery economies in literary history and women in sexual economics. Elizabeth Helsinger explains that Goblin Market is A feminist utopia based on sisterhood against male domination and the male market or a legitimating of separate spheres? Victorian studies, 1991). Goblin Market allows Rossett i the opportunity to escape the archaic patriarchy and create a fantasy realm.Rossetti allows Lizzie and Laura an insight into the male commodities of male utopia that is the market place, and how to success to the full regain equal control. This is a morally nonsense poem, which puts apparitional myth and sexual temptation into a market economy which is interminably unstable. (Victorian Womens Poets, Page 138). Rossettis creation of sisterly solidarity gives a feminine outlook tweet me, kiss me, suck my juices Squeezed from hob fruits for you,Goblin pulp and Goblin Dew. ingest me, drink me, love me For your sake I have braved the glen And had to do with goblin merchant men. (A Choice of Christina Rossettis verse, Page 16). The sexual suggestiveness of Goblin Market has undoubtedly made it a compelling work for feminist readers concerned with what constitutes a clearly female imagination. (A harmony of Thine own. Victorian Womens Poets, Page 50). Goblin Market, the agnomen poem of Christina Rossettis first volume, is the questioning feminine discourse it masks. (A Music of Thine own Womens Poetry. Victorian Womens Poets, Page 49)Rossettis representation of sexuality is not in the name calling or images she finds but in the structure of the whole poem with its reiterate tasting. (A Music of Thine own Womens Poetry. Victorian Womens Poets, Page 49) In many consider Goblin Market is directly contradictory to many nineteenth century views about the role of the woman poet. Mary Ann Stoddart, 1842, defines the sphere of the poetess as All that is beautiful in form, delicate in sentiment, graceful in action will form the peculiar province of the gentle powers of women. Goblin Market can be said to have none of these qualities.This metrical indulgence, gives Goblin Market a sensual art for arts sake, which is usually reserved for male poets, making this offering to the public by a poetess incompatible with Victorian notions of female poetic beauty Laura performs a familiar role in literary history that of the fallen Eve. She relinquishes herself to the sexual temptation offered by the perversive goblin men. Her sin is compounded by prostitution in sell a lock of her hair in return for the fruits. This can be viewed as an act of rape the goblins cut her hair for payment, when, at the time, a womans hair was a somewhat sacred thing.The fallen woman is a common figure in literature, however, because she comes from the creative mind of a female poet the representation comes to have a few problems in its interpretation. Yet still, Laura receives her salvation, from her sin of eating the fruit, through the self-sacrificing actions of her sister. Lizzie plays the male role of redemption. While Rossetti can be viewed in opposition to the Victorian ideals of female creativity, there is an inhering conservatism in her work that creates problems with the idea of her being a sincerely radical or feminist writer.Unlike the other Pre-Raphae lite poets, Rossetti does not embrace atheism, but rather adheres to a strict Anglo-Catholic credence Goblin Market is Christina Rossettis most remarkable long poem. She was also a writer of consummate lyrics. What can be called the feminine discourse which respondes to the aesthetics of face and repression overflow and barrier, in Goblin Market, is also at work in her short poems. (A music of thine ownWomens Poetry, Victorian Womens Poets, Page 54).Through both of the texts analyzed it is important to notice that as Showalter states that it is in fact, female imagination cannot be treated by literary historians as a romantic or Freudian abstraction. It is the product of a delicate network of influences operating in a time, and it must be analyzed as it expresses itself, in talking to and in a fixed arrangement of words on a page, a form that itself is subject to a network of influences and conventions, including the operations of the marketplace. (Victorian Womens Poets, Page 12) Both Emily Bronte and Christina Rossetti were classed as typically romantic Victorian womens writers.However this view is highly problematic as both women try to break the curtailments of Victorian archaic patriarchy in their work, constantly testing and pushing the boundaries of female authorship Romance fiction deals above all with the doubts and delights of heterosexuality, an institution which feminism has seen as problematic from the start. In thinking about this problem I myself have found the psychoanalytic framework most useful since it suggests that the acquisition of gendered subjectivity is a process, a movement towards the social self , fraught with conflicts and never fully achieved.Moreover, psychoanalysis takes the question of pleasure seriously, both in its relation to gender and in its understanding of fictions as fantasies, as the explorations and productions of desires which may be oversupply of the socially possible or acceptable. It gives us ways into the discussion of familiar culture which can avoid the traps of moralism or dictatorship. (Romance Fiction, Female sexuality and class. Page 142)

Cultural object Essay

The prey is an f equal present in a rectangle paper. The paper itself is glossy, thin and fine meshed. In the disapprove, the rowing SUPERMAN hobo be found illustrated at the flush of the paper in a block, wholly caps font, colo scarlet yellow with red lining. Below it and slightly to the unspoilt push aside be found the lyric poem SUPERMAN ON EARTH set in yellow all caps block font. At the center of the rectangular paper is a limning of a male Caucasian garbed in a distressing colored fitting suit, with a red triangular cloth c everyplaceing fire the genitalia and a red cape flowing from the shoulders.Situated at the center of the universes chest is a symbol, an S varicoloured in red inside a red outlined pentagon modify with yellow. The illustration of the male Caucasian is fooln standing over a portraying of the horizon of the world. On the left side of the male is an illustration of an explosion, with rocks existence scattered. At the center of the explosion is an illustration of an seniorly man and a woman garbed in a grey suit. The elderly man has the same symbol on his chest as that of the male in the center, although the elder mans symbol is outlined in black.To the right of the male Caucasian in the center is a depiction of a star, pale whiten in color, with spires arising from the four primary and four secondary coil directions. The background is set in a black sky dot by stars. A circular emblem colored blue and white and containing four stars set around the letters DC corporation be found on the upper left corner. Slightly below it is the words No. 1, May 02 inside a yellow star equivalent quarry.From the treatment of the paper to make it glossy, it is probable that this panelling figure is of some importance to their (American) finis. The words social disease on creation de n mavens his origin as extra wandering, as seen when accounting for the stellar background. The couple to his right is in all managelihood his p bents since the elder man has the same symbol emblaz virtuoso and save(a)d on his chest. Deriving meaning from the name, superman means a man above the rest or a man crack than the rest, giving a clue that the man is no ordinary human and may be imbued with special powers.His bearing whilst sanding over the world is to a greater extent of as a prevailian that as a creator giving a hint that as someone with wonderful powers, he may have used those powers to guide or guard the world. In considering all of this, the figure could be a mythical hotshot of their horticulture whose exploits are recorded or told in a serial of manuscripts using enlargeed illustrations and words to convey the story. The no1, May 02 may reach to the date this illustration was created or made available. Biological Context of the object lensHumanitys interest in mythical hacekes can be seen throughout story. These heroes usually have above average traits that set them asunder from the normal per sons of the times. This drive can be a outcome of servicemans recognition of evolution and the principle that those with particular traits like unconvincing strength or stamina survived much longer and are better equipped to accomplish more(prenominal) than their ordinary counterparts. This veneration for those with extraordinary powers probably arose upon mans recognition of his own physical limitations.When compared upon his prey, animals, man saying that there are some traits that would be useful. Flight in birds, hotfoot in cheetahs, strength in bears, endurance of mammoths, and these traits made man privation that they had them. These wishes translated to mythical accounts of what it would be like to have those kinds of powers, accounts that are now perceive as myths and legends. Humans are the only species to be found undecided of abstract thought. This allows us to manipulate resources in order to derive enjoyment. Literature, arts, these things alter us to derive e njoyment from our current ball club.Throughout invoice, civilizations have tried, later realizing their basal of necessity, to indulge in pleasure. Curiosity in man has as well led to advancement. Myths and legends are byproducts of mans inquiry as to the nature of the world and ism as to the nature of the self. The object is a product of mans persistent question, what if? Cultural/historical context Depictions of individual with powers coarseer than that of psyche men can be found throughout history, in versatile cultures. These can be found in depictions of supernatural beings with extraordinary powers.Usually, myths motif from established cultures whose basic needs like food, shelter and security are ensured. It is then that the society turns to explaining the world around them. These are the foundation of low gear the creation myths, found in the Epic of Gilgamesh, Greek, Babylonian and Nordic myths, as well as the Bible. Levi Strauss argues that myths stem from peopl es intellectual inquiry, from the need to explain self, surroundings and society. Various cultures around the world have provided objects by which beings with powers are depicted.These includes clay tablets where the epic of Gilgamesh is written,, the bible, ceramics depicting Hercules, Aztec pottery depicting Quetzalcoatl, among otherwises. In these, it is evident that the heroic figures play a much important manipulation to society than merely stories. Myths are closely tied with religion, as with the Norse, The Babylonians, the Greeks and the Romans. The fantasy of myths in early civilizations is most often a reflection on the prevalent culture, society, politics and sentiments of the people. Not all heroic stories stem from myths however. near often, heroes in kin grouplore have overly superhuman powers. And most often, the stories portray the hero not just in one setting or one plot. Instead multiple stories abound, yet the protagonist remains the same. This is evident i n Beowulf, the labors of Hercules and in American folklore, Pecos Bill and Paul Bunyan. In American culture, folk heroes usually offer a glimpse of the culture of the times. The spectacular whole kit and caboodle of Pecos Bill and Paul Bunyan reflect upon what was considered the ideal American of those times, strong rugged, clownish and witty.They reflect a culture that is wild, that sees itself as being capable of great things. Looking at the object, we see that it gives a hint on the culture. From the object itself, one may deduce that the protagonist, Superman, was not of this Earth ( the stellar background, Earths view from a space perspective and the phrase Superman on Earth). The belief in an extraterrestrial coming to earth is not unknown of in world cultures. The Mayans, Aztec, and Egyptians all had beliefs in extraterrestrial life. This belief could be said to stem from a sense of terrestrial achievement.A sense that the culture is at its peak and that progress or demis e comes not from itself or from other cultures but from extraterrestrial sources. The object can be perceived as a story utter art of a mythical hero, not unlike clay tablets or parchment. This may be for amusement or inspiration. However, the use of graphics and words as means of expression, just like that of Egyptian pictograms and hieroglyphics shows that the object is intended for a wide audience based those who can intellectually understand as well as those who can appreciate the aesthetic encourage of the story.In standing over the world, it may be seen that their culture not only values their nations advancement, but may also see themselves as responsible for the welfare of other cultures, much like the Roman, Iranian and Muslim empires. This may again stem from a sense of ethnical supremacy, as well as from advancement in the various aspects of civilization. such(prenominal) like oral tradition was used in the past, and later on the written word, for storytelling, so th is object may be the means of telling the stories of this culture.Its use of graphics provides a starting point by which the imagination, conjured up by words, can take off into the realm of the supernatural. Just like myths and folklore of the past, the object provides a reflection not only on varied aspects of the culture but also on its intended destination for the future. economical Context Looking at the object, it really has no physical value in the simplistic context. It is not edible, is not made of precious metals or gems, nor can it be used as a weapon.A society that produces these kinds of objects with only their aesthetic value and meaning and not that of fate has presumptively moved past the barter dodge of trade where only goods of necessity has any value. The object then can be either religious or lay in origin. The object could be religious as a representation of a believed and worshipped deity or secular as a means of entertainment. In observing the material by which the object is imprinted upon, the use of a higher quality paper denotes a higher value for the object, as well as the apparent detail in its production.Only a society with an go economic system is capable of allocating so much resource into a single representation, more so that the object is presumably for entertainment purposes. Most cultures that give antecedence to the arts are those whose economies are capable of allocating value to something that does not return mans basic needs but its wants. These civilizations, like that of the Italian Renaissance, the Aztec civilization, Egypt and Rome, use graphical representation to please a society slaked with life. The same could be said of the economy and society that produced this object.It could be deduced that economically and socially, a majority of those living in the culture whence the object came from have their basic needs, food, water, shelter and security satisfied. Hence, they can allocate more in the pursuit of entertainment, education and other abstract needs. It could be seen that the culture is first technologically advanced, and second, is economically capable of obtaining materials for production. First, the paper in which the object consists of is glossy, not easily tearable, and water resistant and fine wired.This could only be a result of technological processing. The colors used in the paper can only come from pigments. In various cultures, it is only those with advanced economies which could lead to the middle and lower classes, and small objects, being painted with such detail. Ecological Context Ecology has at its maxim that the strongest population has the greater chance of passing on its traits to its off springs and thus enduring. The stronger population can secure resources, protect against attacks and obtain more space. Thus, rooted in bionomics is the desire to be above others.In a sense, the appearance of a Superman would signify complete ecological dominance. That a cul ture would regard a concept like this signifies that that culture, in terms of ecological population, has secured food, space and security from other neighboring populations. That the logical next step for this culture would be provided by an outside, or extraterrestrial source since all terrestrial aspects can be deemed fulfilled. The materials of which the object is composed of also give a clue that the civilization it belongs to is capable of producing synthetic material.Production of synthetic material is primarily a result of two things, scarcity of natural resources, or economic superiority by which materials can be obtained without touching ones natural resources. Summary/Closure The object can be said to be a means of entertainment and storytelling. It portrays a being with superhuman powers coming into Earth and protecting it. This object is a result of and shows different anthropological aspects of the culture that produced it. Biologically, the object can be perceived as the product of mans desire to improve himself, and also his awareness of his limitations.The object also shows mans capabilities throughout history to utilize its abstract thought to derive pleasure and ideas from the surroundings. Mans innate curiosity has lead to the production of myths, featuring beings with supernatural powers, which serve as both answers regarding questions about the natural world and representations of the civilization itself. Throughout history myths have propagated, portraying the general psyche of a civilization. Methods of passing stories from one person to another includes oral, which became written, which as evidenced by this object became a combination of both.The depiction of men with supernatural powers have in history, chiefly been a representation of the strength and power of a civilization. The depictions of heroes that are large than life exhibit a cultures greatness. The wide outspread indulgence of this can only come if all basic needs of th e people within the culture are satisfied. Then the culture can indulge in other fields. The object signifies that in the culture that produced it, the basic needs are supplied, that help will come from others, not from other nations.The use of this object means that the society is willing and capable of allocating resources to personalized entertainment. By looking at the object, one may be able to make deductions regarding its use and the culture that produced it. However, these deductions may or may not hold true, and requires much more evidence to be able to flummox a thorough knowledge of the culture. REFERENCES Harris, M. Culture. People, Nature An Introduction to General Anthropology. new-made York Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1975. Keesing, Roger M. Cultural Anthropology. Sidney Holt, Rinehart and Wilson, 1976.

The Evolution of Chil Custody Arrangements

The Evolution of Child Custody Arrangements Heather Gibson Southern impertinent Hampshire University When a family splits, separates, divorces or a peasant is born out of wed lock for whatever reason one of the most difficult decisions to cast are hands arrangements. Over the years the government has shifted its views from the childs mother being the go around fir for primary custody to the best refer of the child. Whats in the best interest of the child consists of some(prenominal) tangible and non-tangible things.The necessities include the ability to provide food, shelter and a a safe environment are important hardly also the stableness of the nourish psychologically and their mental health also begins to turn over deviate of the importance to the child. The person who has legal custody over a child is the person who makes import decisions in the childs life. The determination of who should withdraw custody in a child custody battle has become highly problematic over t he years. Maternal preference was given as the best fit for the child. The mother was deemed more than nurturing and caring as a parent.The United States held this idea for many years. In the world around them women were combat for equal rights and in turn making men equal in the work force as well as a parent. The change magnitude of divorces in the mid 1900s and women going in the workforce lead to the courts deciding what was in the best interest of the child preferably than who was more motherly and nurturing. Another change that came about was the idea of joint custody, rather than sole custody. Today child custody can be as simple as two parents making the decision to share custody or on the opposite end the legal batter of whos the better parent.Forensic psychologists help in informing the judge of who (unbiased) is the better parent or if joint custody would work out for the best interest of the child. They go through different competency evaluations, may visit the bas e or investigate further to determine custody. Although it seems women are still elect as the better parent trend crap shifted and men have a better chance at sole custody. Another growth that has evolved is the familiarization of gay rights as parents. It is still unclear as it is emerging but it is food for thought.

Twenty Years from Now

Wow, its weird picturing yourself twenty years in the future, but I love making goals for myself. First off, my job has to be the right unity for me. I was destineing some managing hotels, resembling the Hilton, hotels that are all approximately the world. I desire to be able to travel and see them in person. The m sensationy figure doesnt really matter to me. I incisively pauperism to have the job that I love, so that it wont really be want working. Secondly, I involve a hymeneals that will last forever. Looks arent really important to me. I demand to have a big family, maybe four kids, no to a greater extent than six. With a big family comes a big house.I dont want a mansion, but I want a house that feels like home to me, something that I hindquarters actually claim as my own. cipher to flashy, so people call that I have a chaw of m atomic number 53y, near something that I will feel comfortable with. With a house, you must(prenominal)(prenominal) be able to have a car. I want mavin minivan, and two really sharp cars. Like I said well-nigh the house nothing to flashy, but something I am comfortable with in my own skin. One major thing that I know I will worry astir(predicate) in the future is my bank account. The principal(prenominal) reason why I dont want whatsoeverthing that is likewise flashy is because it great deal be taken away at all time or destroyed.That is why I want to have good things, but also have a nice bank account, so that I know that in the future, if I need anything or right in case of an emergency, I have something that I can magnetic inclination back on. Lastly I want a good health. At eighteen, I am not the healthiest person in the world. But I know I can work on it. With time, I can be a very healthy 38 year honest-to-god man, with four to six children, an amazing wife, a nice size house, with the cars that I can dream round, and I cant forget about the family dog. I had a daschund when I was younger na me Rufus, and I think my children would love one as well.Twenty Years from NowWow, its weird picturing yourself twenty years in the future, but I love making goals for myself. First off, my job has to be the right one for me. I was thinking about managing hotels, like the Hilton, hotels that are all around the world. I want to be able to travel and see them in person. The money figure doesnt really matter to me. I in effect(p) want to have the job that I love, so that it wont really be like working. Secondly, I want a spousals that will last forever. Looks arent really important to me. I want to have a big family, maybe four kids, no more than six. With a big family comes a big house.I dont want a mansion, but I want a house that feels like home to me, something that I can actually claim as my own. postal code to flashy, so people think that I have a destiny of money, just something that I will feel comfortable with. With a house, you must be able to have a car. I want one miniv an, and two really nice cars. Like I said about the house nothing to flashy, but something I am comfortable with in my own skin. One major thing that I know I will worry about in the future is my bank account. The of import reason why I dont want anything that is too flashy is because it can be taken away at any time or destroyed.That is why I want to have nice things, but also have a nice bank account, so that I know that in the future, if I need anything or just in case of an emergency, I have something that I can dip back on. Lastly I want a good health. At eighteen, I am not the healthiest person in the world. But I know I can work on it. With time, I can be a very healthy 38 year emeritus man, with four to six children, an amazing wife, a nice size house, with the cars that I can dream about, and I cant forget about the family dog. I had a daschund when I was younger name Rufus, and I think my children would love one as well.

The Image of the Mother in Langston Hughes’ “Mother to Son”

As a child of the early twentieth century, Langston Hughes endured trying times. Hughes and his buzz off lived most of their lives in poverty. As a young teen, Hughes began indite metrical compositions about the world he saw finished his eyes a world of racial segregation and prejudice. This was the basis of many of his poems, and it was these poems that allowed him to influence the Harlem Renaissance. To him the flesh of the African American family is centered on the capture.The mother is the point nearly whom everything about the family revolves. She is indeed the epitome of the African proverb or specifically the Akan proverb that says The death of a mother marks the end of unitarys family. It is this image that permeates through Langston Hughes poem, have to Son. Although sometimes the take whitethorn share this role that the mother plays in the African American family structure, as portrayed in for example the movie Pursuit of Happyness, it is kind of rare.Single pa renthood here is more often than non, about the mother who has been pushed into this terrible situation probably due to her husbands impri boyment for wholeness crime or the other, the sheer neglect of his family or his demise which faculty have been as a result of drug wasting disease or gun fights. A closer look at the poem reveals that in the African American family structure, not only is the mother mostly a single parent who is saddled with the financial burden of the family needs, save she is in addition a counsellor or a very strong motivational figure she uses her experiences in life to guide the fatherth of her children.In the poem Mother to Son just as the title suggests, it is a mothers advice to her son. The words of this poem offer strong encouragement and a sense of hope in a harsh world. Her words offer a positive expectation despite the difficult climb. At one point, the tone substitutes as it becomes a bit sarcastic she mentions that things get kinder (kin d of) hard, when actually it has been worse than she makes it sound. It appears as if she does not want her son to go steady so much of the bad, but to freely focus on what was yet to come.Life has not been a crystal footstep for her, yet suggesting to him that those difficulties are, if not ultimately surmountable, at least worth essay against and she is telling her son that it will not be easy for him either, but not to give up. Again, she is a disciplinarian and a pastor who ensures that her children grow both physically and spiritually into well accepted people in their society.She believes in the verse Trainup a child the elbow room he should go and when he is old, he will never run low from it. She does not spare the rod when it becomes necessary. After describing the staircase of her life, the mother addresses the son by saying that he should not sit down or fall down just because his staircase is hard to climb. In the mothers eyes, the son should never give up. Instea d he should see her as an example because it wasnt easy for her, but she never gave up. In the poem she says So boy, dont you turn back.Dont you dance band down on the steps Cause you finds its kinder hard. Dont you fall now ____ For Ise still goin, honey, Ise still climbin, And life for me aint been no crystal stairThe mother again is a teacher she trains her children even to the point of career choice. At only twenty years of age, Hughes wrote the poem Mother to Son. The poets mother, who speaks in the voice of the African- American teaches him he need not abandon that custom in order to write poetry. All poetry, she says, need not be about crystal stairs. It can have tacks and split up in it, and places with no carpet on the floor.It need not conform to white conventions in either form or subject it can be bareyet it need not ignore those conventions if they can be of use (In fact, the line, And life for me aint been no crystal stair is written in iambic pentameter, the most traditional of English poetic meters). The poet discovers, from listening to his mother-muse, a authority to bring the African-American experience into poetry. He finds a way to movement forward, to keep climbing.We can read in this poem, then, a kind of illustration for the young poets artistic coming of age. From his mother he learns the value and might of his vocation. He hears in her song his own voice which is to serve as the source of inspiration or the starting point of his poetry career. Obviously, through his many literary works, Hughes sought to build up his community (family) of African-Americans by instilling in them a sense of pride and triumph.This theme was oft applied to his works as he wrote to encourage his readers to fight the bout against racism. In this poem as represented by the mother, he had hopes of in some way making a difference, a difference in which the world could change from its biased ways. One may be distracted by tacks and splinters such as r acial discrimination and sometimes circumstances may appear Bare but he must .